Synthesis and characterization of Ti(C,N)Fe cermets produced by direct reaction

Rapid synthesis of TiC–Fe3C composite by electric discharge assisted mechanical milling of ilmenite (FeTiO3) with graphite

“…This post-mixing annealing treatment is still relatively high temperature, >1100 • C [1]. Therefore, although mechanical milling has reduced the reaction temperature from 1500 • C with coarse reactants [2], to 1100 • C with the milled powders [1,3], an annealing treatment is still required to initiate reaction. Mechanical activation of the powders by crude milling techniques such as those used in [1] does not impart the system with sufficient energy to initiate the reduction reaction.…”

“…In all carbo-thermic reduction processes of ilmenite, the reaction rates are slow, and extended annealing times of up to 24 h at temperatures of 1500 • C are required [2]. In addition, carbothermic reactions often do not reach completion because of the slow reaction kinetics and large reactant particle size.…”

“…TiC-based materials can be produced from ilmenite by powder metallurgy methods [2] or by direct carbo-thermic reactions [4]. Ilmenite can also be reduced to Ti-based iron carbides in the form of non-homogenous slag by using electro-smelting in high power dc transferred-arc plasma furnaces [5].…”

A study on carbothermic reduction of ilmenite ore in a plasma reactor

“…The literature on production of TiC-reinforced ferrous composites [2][3][4][5][6] indicates that, generally, TiC is introduced in a ferrous matrix either through the powder metallurgy (PM) route or through direct precipitation from the melt of an appropriate alloy. [2,7,8] One research group, however, has reported trials on direct carbothermic reduction of ilmenite in a levitation melting furnace to produce small quantities of a composite. [9] The liquid route for producing composites that provides the opportunity for direct casting of components into different shapes offers advantages over the PM route.…”

Fabrication of BN-AlN-TiB₂ Compound Conductive Ceramics by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis and Hot Isostatic Pressing

“…BN is used widely because of its high resistance to oxidation, good thermal conductivity. TiB 2 is an important material for high-temperature applications because of their high melting point, hardness, elastic modulus and electrical conductivity, and relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion [1]. It is difficult to consolidate these materials into usable, dense, and high-strength ceramics.…”