Synthesis and characterizations of metal ions doped barium strontium titanate (BST) nanomaterials for photocatalytic and electrical applications: A mini review

Abstract

The ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (Ba1-xSrxTiO3) is a homogeneous solid solution prepared from the mixture of barium titanate (BaTiO3), strontium titanate (SrTiO3) and titanium (IV) isopropoxide. Barium strontium titanate (BST) nanomaterials with improved permittivity and dielectric properties due to their nano-properties have attracted great interest for extensive and versatile applications as super capacitors, dielectrics, ceramics and catalysts. Introduction of metal ion dopants into the parent system of BST significantly alters its structural, morphological, electrical, optical and dielectric characteristics. This review is aimed at addressing synthesis, characterization methods, photocatalytic and electrical applications of metal ions doped BST nanomaterials. The effect of doping BST, through metal ions, on its properties and application with most probable reasons have been thoroughly discussed.

Doping Sr and Introducing Oxygen Vacancies in Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3‐X Synergistically Promote the Pyro‐Photo‐Electric Catalysis Performance

“…[50] After the oxygen vacancy is further introduced, the band gap absorption edge still has a slight red shift to 407.9 nm. This preliminary shows that Sr doping and oxygen vacancy incorporation can affect the band structure of original BaTiO 3 , [39,51] thus affecting the utilization efficiency of sunlight. Figure 5b is the current response diagram of BaTiO 3 , Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 and Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3-X under simulated sunlight.…”

“…In Figure 3a and 3b, the peaks of Ba 3d of Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 and Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3-X both appear at positions of 780.13 eV and 795.38 eV, and the peaks of Sr 3d both appear at positions of 132.93 eV and 134.53 eV, with no obvious change, which indicates that after the introduction of oxygen vacancies, the difference in the chemical state of Ba and Sr has little effect. [39] In Figure 3c, for Ti 4 + , it is found that Ti in BaTiO 3 is located at positions 458.13 eV and 463.58 eV, while Ti in Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 and Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3-X is located 457.88 eV and 464.03 eV. After the introduction of oxygen vacancies, the binding energy position of Ti 2p is shifted.…”

“…Moreover, the volume change will affect the change of the pyroelectricity of the material. [39,43,44] For the introduction of oxygen vacancies in Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 , the structural defects are studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) method. As shown in Figure 4a, pure BaTiO 3 could not observe any peak signal, but a peak signal appeared after the incorporation of Sr element, which come from the unpaired electrons captured by the defect in the crystal.…”

Multielement Doped Barium Strontium Titanate Nanomaterials as Capacitors

“…Reports also clarifed that the parameters of dielectrics such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and leakage current do usually get afected by the synthesis technique, chemical content, microstructure, identity, and the amount of dopants added where acceptor (lower valance than A or B components) and donor (higher valance than A or B components) dopants efectively change the properties of BST nanomaterial [18,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Acceptor ions easily substitute Ti at the B-site where a one-phase arrangement is formed that leads to extra ionization of dopants which results in the occurrence of vacancies as well as lattice irregularities [56,57]. Dopants generally alter the physicochemical as well as charge carrier characteristics of the BST due to the formation of oxygen vacancies.…”

Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Additionally, emerging technologies that rely on the absorption of pollutants on a target-specific basis are particularly appealing because they address poor efficiency imposed by off-targeting. As a consequence, several studies have focused on integrating nanotechnology principles with the chemical and physical surface modification of NMs to obtain engineered NMs that can conquer several of the issues encountered during contamination remediation [27][28][29]. Some key challenges that must be considered when developing new NMs for environmental remediation include target-specific identification, facile and economical fabrication, non-toxic nature, biocompatible, reusability, and the ability for regeneration after use [30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”