The ammonium, barium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate, Ba(NH 4 ) 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ]Á3H 2 O, has been synthesized for the first time, was characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy and chemical analysis, and its crystal and molecular structures were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The chemical composition was determined by assaying Ba(II) with EDTA, ammonia nitrogen with Nessler's reagent as indicator and Fe(II) using spectrophotometry with ortho-phenanthroline method. The hydration number was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal R-3c space group. The ferrocyanide anion has an almost perfect octahedral shape with its Fe(II) ion in a crystallographic special position of point symmetry S 6 [d(Fe-C) = 1.912(2) A ˚, d(C-N) = 1.153(3) A ˚]. The barium, ammonium nitrogen and water oxygen atoms are also at lattice special positions with site symmetries D 3 , C 3 and C 2 , respectively. The thermal decomposition process was also studied using TG-DTA, and the products of decomposition were identified by IR spectroscopy. It proposes a mechanism of decomposition.