Synthesis and Dissolution of Metal Oxides in Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have proven to be suitable solvents and reactants for low-temperature reactions. To date, several attempts were made to apply this promising class of materials to metal oxide chemistry, which, conventionally, is performed at high temperatures. This review gives an overview about the scientific approaches of the synthesis as well as the dissolution of metal oxides in ILs and DESs. A wide range of metal oxides along with numerous ILs and DESs are covered by this research. With ILs and DESs being involved, many metal oxide phases as well as different particle morphologies were obtained by means of relatively simple reactions paths. By the development of acidic task-specific ILs and DESs, even difficultly soluble metal oxides were dissolved and, hence, made accessible for downstream chemistry. Especially the role of ILs in these reactions is in the focus of discussion.

Ionometallurgical Step‐Electrodeposition of Zinc and Lead and its Application in a Cycling‐Stable High‐Voltage Zinc‐Graphite Battery

“…[ 7,8,10,11 ] A further subset of ILs is air‐ and water‐stable and has excellent solvation properties for metal oxides. [ 12 ] These ILs can be suitable media for the direct electrodeposition of metals starting from their naturally occurring oxides or industrial waste. Such “ionometallurgy” can become an ecologically as well as economically interesting alternative to traditional pyro‐, hydro‐, or electrometallurgical processes.…”

Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: Optical and Electrochemical Properties versus d‐Block Metal Combinations

“…This is, amongo thers, due to the fact MILs are not only interesting materials in their own right but can also act as ionic liquid precursors (ILPs)o r, as they are also termed, "all-in-one solventtemplate-reactants", [22] for the controlled synthesis of inorganic and hybrid materials. [13,[22][23][24][25][26] The combination of transition metals and halides provides access to the [MX 4 ] 2À (M = Pd, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn, Ni, In, Ga, Cd, etc. ;X= Cl, Br,I )u nit.…”

Physicochemical Characterization of Candlenut (<i>Aleurites moluccana</i>)-derived Biodiesel Purified with Deed Eutectic Solvents

“…These are ionic substances which at a certain molar ratio exhibit a very strong ionic or hydrogen bond interaction resulting into a liquid with low boiling point Fig. 2 20 . DESs are gaining popularity over ILs because of their less toxic property and biodegradability 21 .…”