Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photorefractive Properties of New Trinitrofluorenone−C<sub>60</sub> Photosensitizers

Ortíz, Javier; Fernández‐Lázaro, Fernando; Sastre‐Santos, Ángela; Quintana, José A.; Villalvilla, José M.; Boj, Pedro G.; Díaz-García, María A.; Rivera, José A.; Stepleton, Seth E.; Cox, Charles T.; Echegoyen, Luís

doi:10.1021/cm0491577

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[3,[28][29][30] As already described, conditioned ion-doped composites show PR effect without the need of sensitizer. The improvement in the gain coefficients in this type of materials is clear, not only by comparing with composites sensitized with C 60 as shown in Figure 12, but also by comparing with other types of systems.…”

Section: Photorefractive Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…This method consists in drawing a straight line connecting the experimental points of the transient in the first milliseconds and identifying its slope as the time constant. This procedure gives similar results than the double exponential method often used in the literature [23,25,28], that interprets only the short time constant, for PR speeds between 30 and 100 s À1 . However, for slower materials both methods differ.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

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Enhanced Photorefractivity of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Based Composites through Electric‐Field Treatments and Ionic Liquid Doping

Quintana

Villalvilla

Boj

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

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It is shown that the photorefractive (PR) performance of polymer composites based on poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) can be improved when samples are subjected to an electric field for a certain time, i.e. conditioned, previous to the PR characterization. It is also found that for conditioned samples the addition of an organic ionic liquid to the PR composition allows to obtain PR effect without the need of using a sensitizer. The typical electric field treatment time at room temperature and at a field of 20 V µm−1 is 20 min. This procedure leads to a decrease of dark conductivity and an increase of photoconductivity, and consequently an increase of conductivity contrast. This results in higher PR two‐beam‐coupling gain coefficients and shorter response times, particularly at low fields. Dependencies of the process dynamics on impurities, applied field strength, temperature and the presence of an organic ionic liquid are examined in detail. It is remarkable the significant increase of the PR gain coefficients, and more drastically of the net gain coefficients, observed at low fields (<55 V µm−1), when an ionic organic liquid such as benzalkonium chloride is added to unsensitized conditioned PR composites. These findings open a new route to improve the PR performance, not only of PVK‐based composites, but also of other types of organic materials, the main advantage being that no sensitizer is needed.

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Section: Photorefractive Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Enhanced Photorefractivity of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Based Composites through Electric‐Field Treatments and Ionic Liquid Doping

Quintana

Villalvilla

Boj

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

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“…[ 110 ] The absorption spectra were found to be a superposition of both independent moieties, thus excluding electronic ground-state coupling between both acceptors. The PR properties under 633 nm illumination were compared to a composite sensitized with C 60 alone.…”

Section: Organic Sensitizersmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[ 104 ] 21 TCNQ, [ 104 ] 22 TCNE, [ 104 ] 23 BQ, [ 105 ] 24 MQ, [ 105 ] 25 Cl 2 Q, [ 105 ] 26 Chloranil, [ 105 ] 27 DDQ, [ 105 ] 28 TCNB, [ 105 ] 29 2,5-OMePCBM, [ 47 ] 30 [70]PCBM, [ 47 ] 31 PCBM, [ 47 ] 32 azafulleroid, [ 47 ] 33 F 5 -PCBM, [ 47 ] 34 ketolactam, [ 47 ] 35 [84]PCBM, [47,54] 36 DBM, [100,106,107] 37 TNF-C 60 -dyad with polyether linker, [108,109] 38 -40 TNF-C 60 -Dyads. [ 110 ] Several recent papers were devoted to produce all-organic photorefractives for operation in the region above 830 nm, which allows for NIR applications like biomedical imaging and the processing of telecommunication signals. Eralp et al introduced the near-infrared dye DBM ( 36 1 wt.%) into a PATPD/7-DCST composite device for sensitization at a wavelength of 975 nm.…”

Section: Sensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

2011

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This review describes recent advances and applications in the field of organic photorefractive materials, an interesting area in the field of organic electronics and promising candidate for various aspects of photonic applications. We describe the current state of knowledge about the processes involved in the formation of photorefractive gratings in organic materials and focus on the chemical and photo‐physical aspects of the material structures employed in low glass‐transition temperature amorphous composites and organic photorefractive glasses. State‐of‐the art materials are highlighted and recent demonstrations of photonic applications relying on the reversible holographic nature of the photorefractive materials are discussed.

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“…72 The optical gain and response time of the PVK PR composite sensitized with a monolithic compound of TNF-C 60 was compared with that sensitized with C 60 . 73,74 The response time was faster but the optical gain was reduced. 74 The PR performance of PVK sensitized with quinone derivatives, including 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (chloranil), 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone (Cl 2 Q), p-benzoquinone (BQ), 2,6-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone (MQ) and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB), was compared with that sensitized with TNF.…”

Section: Sensitizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

Tsutsumi

2016

Polym J

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This review article describes the current state-of-the-art research on organic photorefractive polymer composites. A historical background on photorefractive materials is first introduced and is followed by a discussion on the opto-physical aspects and the mechanism of photorefractivity. The molecular design of photorefractive polymers and organic compounds is discussed, followed by a discussion on optical applications of the photorefractive polymers. Polymer Journal (2016) 48, 571-588; doi:10.1038/pj.2015.131; published online 27 January 2016 BACKGROUND In this report, the molecular design of organic photorefractive (PR) polymers is reviewed. Organic PR polymers are materials that possess both electro-optical and photoconductive properties. Research on photoconductive polymers, whose pioneering polymer is poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK, PVCz), began in the 1960s. From the 1980s, research on organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials has been widely conducted in the fields of organic electro-optics and optical nonlinearity. From the 1990s, new technology using organic photorefractivity combined with photoconductive and electro-optical properties was introduced in the field of organic semiconducting materials, 1 and organic light-emitting diodes 2-6 and organic fieldeffect transistors 7 were also debuted in this field. At the same time, the interest of researchers also turned toward the development of organic photovoltaic cells and organic solar cells. [8][9][10][11] The transport of charge carriers through photoconductive manifolds is a common phenomenon found in PR, organic light-emitting diode or organic photovoltaic materials. Thus, the development of materials in each field is expected to merge together to trigger the development of novel materials.The PR effect is a well-known phenomenon that is observed in materials in which refractive index modulation is induced by the space-charge field that results from the redistribution of positive and negative charge carriers separated through photo-excitation. 12 This phenomenon was first reported in inorganic crystals of lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO 3 ) and was observed through heterogeneous optically induced refractive indices in 1966. 13 Since then, the PR effect has extensively been investigated in many inorganic crystals, and theoretical approaches have been established to explain this phenomenon. 14 In 1991, 1 the first study of PR polymers reported a low diffraction efficiency of 10 −3 to 1% and a small optical gain of 0.33 cm À1 . In 1994, 15 a high diffraction efficiency of 86% (the remaining 14% was attributed to optical losses) and a large optical gain exceeding 200 cm À1 was reported in photoconductive PVK-based PR composites. Over the past two decades, many featured review articles [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and book

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Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photorefractive Properties of New Trinitrofluorenone−C₆₀ Photosensitizers

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Enhanced Photorefractivity of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Based Composites through Electric‐Field Treatments and Ionic Liquid Doping

Enhanced Photorefractivity of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Based Composites through Electric‐Field Treatments and Ionic Liquid Doping

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

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Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photorefractive Properties of New Trinitrofluorenone−C60 Photosensitizers

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Enhanced Photorefractivity of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Based Composites through Electric‐Field Treatments and Ionic Liquid Doping

Enhanced Photorefractivity of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐Based Composites through Electric‐Field Treatments and Ionic Liquid Doping

Organic Photorefractive Materials and Applications

Molecular design of photorefractive polymers

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Product

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Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photorefractive Properties of New Trinitrofluorenone−C₆₀ Photosensitizers