Synthesis and evaluation of a Tetra-copolymer for oil displacement

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Glycol-Based Hydrogels through Waterflooding Processes in Oil Reservoirs Using Molecular Dynamics and Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation

“…Long-term thermal aging under high ionic strength reduces the viscosity of the gel system . During hydrogel injection in underground perforation, viscosity loss owing to mechanical, thermal, and ionic degradation takes place since the stress resistance of chemical bonds in the hydrogel architecture cannot resist the tensile stress enforced by severe underground conditions. , With further temperature increase, the molecular associations deteriorate, and the internal movement of the single bond increases, leading to molecular chain curling Figure a–d displays the viscosity–shear rate profile of the PEG and PPG hydrogels at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 g/L, respectively.…”

“…One of the widely used polymeric systems is the hydrogels and their modifiers . Hydrogels are non-Newtonian cross-linked polymeric networks used as water shutoff agents and profile modifiers in petroleum processing, especially enhanced oil recovery (EOR). , Although polyacrylates are widely used in polymer flooding, they undergo chain disintegration at high ionic strength and thermal impact . As a result, the incorporation of monomers containing hydrophobic moieties such as sulfurated and poly­(ethylene/propylene glycol) (PEG/PPG) into the hydrogel backbone will enhance its thermal and ionic resistance and exhibit excellent water solubility owing to excessive H-bonding formation.…”

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Glycol-Based Hydrogels through Waterflooding Processes in Oil Reservoirs Using Molecular Dynamics and Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation

“…The TGA-thermograms of the PEG-and PPG-hydrogels as displayed in Figure S5 exhibit four degradation stages; the first phase occurs at 25-250C and is assigned to the vaporization of bounded water [3][4] . The second stage at 250-325C related to the disintegration of the amide groups on the hydrogel chains [5][6] . The third stage at 325-385C corresponds to the complete degradation of other side chain moieties, including sulfonic groups in AMPS and pyrrolidone rings, in addition to the breakdown of carbon-nitrogen bonds [6][7] .…”

“…The second stage at 250-325C related to the disintegration of the amide groups on the hydrogel chains [5][6] . The third stage at 325-385C corresponds to the complete degradation of other side chain moieties, including sulfonic groups in AMPS and pyrrolidone rings, in addition to the breakdown of carbon-nitrogen bonds [6][7] . The fourth stage occurs at 385-600C and related to the complete degradation and carbonization of the polymer skeleton 6 .…”

“…The third stage at 325-385C corresponds to the complete degradation of other side chain moieties, including sulfonic groups in AMPS and pyrrolidone rings, in addition to the breakdown of carbon-nitrogen bonds [6][7] . The fourth stage occurs at 385-600C and related to the complete degradation and carbonization of the polymer skeleton 6 . TGA-thermograms of PEG-and PPG-hydrogels are closely associated with each other, as exhibited in Figure S5.…”