Synthesis and fabrication of (1 − x)ZnAl2O4–xSiO2 thin films to be applied as patch antennas

Abdullah, Huda; Zulfakar, Mohd Syafiq; Jalal, Wan Nasarudin Wan; Islam, Mohammad Tariqul; Shaari, Sahbudin

doi:10.1007/s10971-013-3202-7

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This could lead to more effective interface effects that could lead to a higher dielectric constant at a specific composite concentration . Such giant dielectric composites may be suitable candidates for emerging size reduction of GPS antennas by 263 times instead of ZnAl 2 O 4 ceramic which has dielectric constant of 12.45 and 404 times that of Zn (1– X ) Mg X Al 2 O 4 , (1‐X)ZnAl 2 O 4 ‐XSiO 2 , Zn (1– X ) Ca X Al 2 O 4 , Ti X Zn (1– X ) Al 2 O 4 and Ca X Zn (1– X ) Al 2 O 4 . Based on these observations, BTO‐CCTO composite based GPS patch antennas are fabricated for the first time with cost‐effective technique.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported that materials with high dielectric constant are particularly interesting for GPS applications at the L1 frequency of 1.575 GHz. Several papers were published in novel ceramic materials such as Zn (1– X ) Mg X Al 2 O 4 , (1− X )ZnAl 2 O 4 ‐ X SiO 2 , Zn (1– X ) Ca X Al 2 O 4 , Ti X Zn (1– X ) Al 2 O 4 and Ca X Zn (1– X ) Al 2 O 4 that are used for GPS patch antennas. The relative permittivity of these ceramics is measured in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature and average values of the dielectric constant are found to be around 6.00–8.57.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂)_X – (CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂)_1–_X composites

Thiruramanathan¹,

Marikani²,

Durairaj³

et al. 2016

Crystal Research and Technology

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.0) is synthesized by a sol-gel combustion method. The phase changes, including their formation and evolution during the gradual substitution of BTO into CCTO are analyzed from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Jana2006 refinement plotting method proves that formation of an ideal dualphase composite system with separate orthorhombic and cubic phases occurs. A surface morphological study revealed that the BTO X -CCTO 1-X composites are composed of small CCTO grains embedded in large BTO grains and both coexisted with a bimodal distribution. The possible vibrational modes of interactions between the constituent phases are determined from Raman spectra. Our inexpensive, combustion method for BTO 0.2 -CCTO 0.8 gives a high dielectric constant (ε = 3232) at 100 Hz at room temperature. The nature behind these data is revealed that the BTO-CCTO composite can be applicable for the fabrication of miniaturized global positioning system (GPS) patch antennas. The fabricated GPS patch antenna shows optimum results of small size (2.37 mm × 1.18 mm), return loss (-14.419) and wide bandwidth (350 MHz) to be operated at 1.57 GHz.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂)_X – (CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂)_1–_X composites

Thiruramanathan¹,

Marikani²,

Durairaj³

et al. 2016

Crystal Research and Technology

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“…Dielectric materials with low-loss quality factors due very important in modern microwave telecommunication systems because a high dielectric constant can help to reduce the antennae dimension [2][3][4]. Present trends for applications of GPS antennae are to minimize the microwave devices and to ensure that the devices meet the requirements for standard GPS applications at a frequency 1.575 GHz, a return loss (< −10 dB), and a wide * E-mail: huda@eng.ukm.my; Fax: +603-89216310 bandwidth (> 2 MHz).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of TixZn(1-x)Al2O4 thin films by sol-gel method for GPS patch antennae

Abdullah

Jalal

Zulfakar

et al. 2015

Journal of the Korean Physical Society

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The need for miniaturization and weight reduction of a GPS patch antennae has forced scientists to search for new microwave dielectric materials. The sol-gel method was used to prepare TixZn (1−x) Al2O4-based microwave dielectric ceramic thin films (x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30) and to fabricate a GPS patch antennae. The phases of ZnAl2O4 and TiO2 co-exist with each other and form a two-phase system, which is confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis. The addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) increased the crystallite size, grain size, surface roughness and apparent density. A material with a higher density tends to increase the dielectric constant (εr), which is suitable for miniaturization of a GPS patch antenna. As the TiO2 content increased, the εr values increased linearly. Finally, GPS patch antennae were successfully fabricated using the ZnAl2O4 and Ti0.30Zn0.70Al2O4 material. The performances and the operating frequencies of the GPS patch antennae were measured using a PNA series network analyzer. The result showed that both patch antennae resonated at frequency of 1.570 GHz and gave a return loss less than −10 dB. The optimal performance of the GPS patch antennae was obtained from the specimen using Ti0.30Zn0.70Al2O4 (εr ∼ 14.57, wide bandwidth of 240 MHz and low return loss of −34.5 dB), which meets the requirements of GPS applications.

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“…It has been used as catalyst support, ceramic materials, electronics, and optical materials [9]. At present, some researchers studied the dielectric properties of ZnAl 2 O 4 doped with TiO 2 as microwave dielectric ceramics [6,[10][11][12][13]. Accordingly, they have found that ZnAl 2 O 4 doped with TiO 2 ceramics has excellent properties and has a very extensive prospect to be used as microwave substrates and for antenna applications in the future.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors play important roles to produce ZnAl 2 O 4 doped with TiO 2 materials. Recently, there are many methods to prepare ZnAl 2 O 4 doped with TiO 2 as MDC such as solid-state mixing reaction [11,12], mixed oxide route [6,10], and molten-salt process [13]. However, the sintering temperature of the previous methods is too high ([1300°C) and needs to be decreased.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and fabrication of GPS patch antennas by using Zn(1 − x)Ti x Al2O4 thin films

Jalal

Abdullah

Zulfakar

et al. 2015

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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Zn (1 -x) Ti x Al 2 O 4 -based microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared by sol-gel method. The obtained compounds were characterized and fabricated as GPS patch antennas. The XRD patterns show a three-phase system with a spinel ZnAl 2 O 4 , anatase and a rutile (TiO 2 ). The addition of TiO 2 increased the crystallite size and grain size, and surface morphology tended to increase the ceramics density (4.61-4.75 g/cm 3 ) and dielectric constant, e r (8.56-13.51). Based on the material investigated and microwave antenna theory, GPS patch antennas were fabricated using Zn (1 -x) Ti x Al 2 O 4 and then measured using a PNA series network analyzer. The surface of the GPS patch antennas and ground plane was coated with 200-nm-thick silver to enhance ohmic contact. The patch antenna sizes decreased as e r increased from 2.88 9 4.37 cm (12.58 cm 2 ) to 3.53 9 2.21 cm (7.80 cm 2 ). Among these antennas, the Zn 0.70 Ti 0.30 Al 2 O 4 shows an excellent performance combination between return loss (-28.71 dB), small size (3.53 9 2.21 cm), and wide bandwidth (270 MHz). Graphical Abstract

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Synthesis and fabrication of (1 − x)ZnAl2O4–xSiO2 thin films to be applied as patch antennas

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂)_X – (CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂)_1–_X composites

Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂)_X – (CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂)_1–_X composites

Characterization of TixZn(1-x)Al2O4 thin films by sol-gel method for GPS patch antennae

Synthesis and fabrication of GPS patch antennas by using Zn(1 − x)Ti x Al2O4 thin films

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Synthesis and fabrication of (1 − x)ZnAl2O4–xSiO2 thin films to be applied as patch antennas

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi4Ti3O12)X – (CaCu3Ti4O12)1–X composites

Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi4Ti3O12)X – (CaCu3Ti4O12)1–X composites

Characterization of TixZn(1-x)Al2O4 thin films by sol-gel method for GPS patch antennae

Synthesis and fabrication of GPS patch antennas by using Zn(1 − x)Ti x Al2O4 thin films

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Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂)_X – (CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂)_1–_X composites

Development of performance‐improved global positioning system (GPS) patch antenna based on sol‐gel‐synthesized dual‐phase (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂)_X – (CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂)_1–_X composites