Synthesis and microstructural characterization of δ‐phase bismuth‐based electroceramic systems by double‐doping regime

Abstract

In this study, Bi 2 O 3 -based (Er 2 O 3 ) x (Gd 2 O 3 ) y (Bi 2 O 3 ) 1-x-y ternary compound powders were synthesized with different stoichiometric ratios by the solid-state reaction method at different annealing treatment. Crystal structure characterization was investigated via X-ray powder diffraction method in order to determine the fcc-cubic phases powders. Microstructure properties of pellet samples obtained from scanning electron microscopy. Also, thermal properties and porosity were investigated via differential thermal analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. d-Phase structure was provided at all ternary samples at 800°C heat treatment temperature. The relationship between lattice parameters and total dopant rate was analyzed. As the amount of dopant rate increased, lattice parameters were increased. In conclusion, a correlation between the ionic radius of the dopant cations and lattice parameters was revealed. K E Y W O R D S solid oxide fuel cell, bismuth oxide, electroceramics, microstructure

Polymorphism and Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis of Doped Bi2O3:M (M = S, Se, and Re)

“…49−52 Stabilization of δ-Bi 2 O 3 to room temperature can be achieved by doping, 53 in mind that incorporation of dopants into the crystal lattice of bismuth(III) influences the physical properties and, for example, reduces the oxygen ion conductivity by several orders of magnitude. 10,54−56 In the last decades, numerous reports have dealt with the stabilization of δ-Bi 2 O 3 using a variety of main-group elements and transition metals (B, 14 P, 57 Ti, 58,59 V, 31−34 Fe, 60 Y, 61,62 Nb, 62,63 Te, 64 Ta, 65 Ce, 66−68 Eu, 69 Tb, 70 Dy, 71,72 Er, 73−75 Tm, 76 Yb, 77,78 Lu, 79 and Th 80 ) and double-doping (Hf/Zr, 81 Te/V, 82 Y/Yb, 83 Er/Nb, 84 Er/Gd, 85 Ho/Gd, 86 Ho/Dy, 87 Dy/W, 88 Sm/Ce, 89 Sm/Yb, 90 La/Mo, 91 Pr/Mo, 92 Dy/Tm, 93 Gd/Lu, 94,95 Yb/Dy, 96,97 Eu, or Tb/Th 98 ).…”

“…Thus, a plethora of synthetic approaches for δ-Bi 2 O 3 in the form of powders, − ,,,,− films, ,− nanosheets, and nanowires was developed. However, stabilization of pure δ-Bi 2 O 3 at room temperature is still a challenge; therefore, the application of the metastable modification is restricted to a low number of examples. − Stabilization of δ-Bi 2 O 3 to room temperature can be achieved by doping, but it must be kept in mind that incorporation of dopants into the crystal lattice of bismuth­(III) influences the physical properties and, for example, reduces the oxygen ion conductivity by several orders of magnitude. ,− In the last decades, numerous reports have dealt with the stabilization of δ-Bi 2 O 3 using a variety of main-group elements and transition metals (B, P, Ti, , V, − Fe, Y, , Nb, , Te, Ta, Ce, − Eu, Tb, Dy, , Er, − Tm, Yb, , Lu, and Th) and double-doping (Hf/Zr, Te/V, Y/Yb, Er/Nb, Er/Gd, Ho/Gd, Ho/Dy, Dy/W, Sm/Ce, Sm/Yb, La/Mo, Pr/Mo, Dy/Tm, Gd/Lu, , Yb/Dy, , Eu, or Tb/Th…”