Synthesis and Morphology Evolution of Ultrahigh Content Nitrogen‐Doped, Micropore‐Dominated Carbon Materials as High‐Performance Supercapacitors

Abstract

Nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials including nanocarbons, graphene, and conductive polymers are impressive as supercapacitor electrodes. However, ultrahigh nitrogen contents, micropore dominated, and morphology evolving carbonaceous electrodes have not achieved until now which are crucial for supercapacitor. Herein, we prepare a novel fumaronitrile (FUM) derived covalent triazine framework (FUM-CTF) and activated it by using KOH at different temperatures to obtain the corresponding carbon materials, which were used as supercapacitor electrode materials. Specially, the FUM-700 (sample activated at 700 °C) possesses an excellent specific capacitance of 400 F g at a current density of 1 A g and considerable energy density over 18 Wh kg in KOH (6 m) aqueous electrolyte. In addition, this electrode shows 260 F g at a current density of 20 A g for charge/discharge operation. Furthermore, the FUM-700 electrode demonstrates extraordinary electrochemical stability with 97 % retention after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g . Ultrahigh nitrogen contents, the microporous structure, and the inner nanoparticle morphology work in concert to contribute to the superior electrochemical performance of FUM-700. Our work might give some hints to help design other high-performance nitrogen-containing supercapacitor electrode materials.

A Novel Strategy of In Situ Trimerization of Cyano Groups Between the Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Interlayers for High-Energy and High-Power Sodium-Ion Capacitors

“…1 c). A broad peak centered at around 23° can be observed in Ti 3 C 2 T x /Na 3 TCM, which is assigned to the scattering of amorphous carbon derived from trimerization products [ 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 ]. Besides, no supererogatory diffraction peaks are found after introducing Na 3 TCM, confirming the successful synthesis of Ti 3 C 2 T x /Na 3 TCM composite.…”

O/N Co‐Doped, Layered Porous Carbon with Mesoporosity up to 99 % for Ultrahigh‐Rate Capability Supercapacitors

“…[43,44] Besides, CTFs can be facilely synthesized by ZnCl 2 triggered cyclotrimerization of carbonitrile monomers and their properties such as porosity, SSA, and N-or other heteroatom-contents can also be finely tuned by monomer design. [45,46] Herein, we report the fabrication of O/N-co-doped mesoporous carbon by one-step Na 2 CO 3 activation of CTF precursor that derived from 2,4,6-tris(4-cyanophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine monomer (namely CTFO). The CTFO precursor synthesized by ZnCl 2 -mediated ionothermal trimerization possessed a relatively high SSA of 851 m 2 g À 1 along with a pore-size distribution of 0.5-3 nm.…”

“…Owing to the covalent attachment of rigid aromatic building blocks, these N‐enriched CTFs can meet the requirements of high SSA along with narrowly distributed micropores . Besides, CTFs can be facilely synthesized by ZnCl 2 triggered cyclotrimerization of carbonitrile monomers and their properties such as porosity, SSA, and N‐ or other heteroatom‐contents can also be finely tuned by monomer design …”

Multiple Covalent Triazine Frameworks with Strong Polysulfide Chemisorption for Enhanced Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

“…In addition, high temperature led to the formation of linear ionic sulfur species that act as nucleophiles for the chemical impregnation of sulfur via S N Ar reaction . The successful synthesis of FMCTF‐S can be evidenced from Figure S1 that the triazine ring stretching vibration was observed near 1600 cm −1 …”

“…[29] The successful synthesis of FMCTF-S can be evidenced from Figure S1 that the triazine ring stretching vibration was observed near 1600 cm À 1 . [36] The thermal stability of the porous polymer was determined. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) result (Figure S4), FMCTF-S showed 69.7 % weight loss at 350°C and 77 % at 800°C, respectively.…”