Decarboxylative halogenation, or
halodecarboxylation, represents
one of the fundamental key methods for the synthesis of ubiquitous
organic halides. The method is based on conversion of carboxylic acids
to the corresponding organic halides via selective cleavage of a carbon–carbon
bond between the skeleton of the molecule and the carboxylic group
and the liberation of carbon dioxide. In this review, we discuss and
analyze major approaches for the conversion of alkanoic, alkenoic,
acetylenic, and (hetero)aromatic acids to the corresponding alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl halides. These methods include
the preparation of families of valuable organic iodides, bromides,
chlorides, and fluorides. The historic and modern methods for halodecarboxylation
reactions are broadly discussed, including analysis of their advantages
and drawbacks. We critically address the features, reaction selectivity,
substrate scopes, and limitations of the approaches. In the available
cases, mechanistic details of the reactions are presented, and the
generality and uniqueness of the different mechanistic pathways are
highlighted. The challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in the field of decarboxylative halogenation are provided.