Synthesis and performance of new quinoxaline-based dyes for dye sensitized solar cell

High‐Performance Organic Dyes with Electron‐Deficient Quinoxalinoid Heterocycles for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells under One Sun and Indoor Light

“…The dye with a phenothiazine moiety at the 5‐position of quinoxaline ( MM‐5 ) displayed a higher photocurrent and PCE under AM1.5 solar light (100 mW cm −2 ) than those without ( MM‐3 and MM‐4 ). This observation is consistent with our previous reports, due to more effective formation of an intramolecular charge‐transfer state . Although the bulky moiety 9,9‐dihexyl‐ N , N ‐diphenyl‐9 H ‐fluoren‐2‐amine can increase the absorption intensity through π–π* transitions, it also reduces the dye‐loading amount on the TiO 2 surface.…”

“…This observation is consistent with our previous reports, due to more effective formation of an intramolecular charge-transfer state. [51,52] Although the bulky moiety 9,9-dihexyl-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine can increaset he absorptioni ntensity through p-p*t ransitions, it also reduces the dye-loading amount on the TiO 2 surface. Thes ensitizer structure was further modified by replacing the bulky moiety with as maller phenylr ing, and the resulting MM-6 displayed ah igh conversion efficiency of 6.96 %w ith as hort-circuit currentd ensity (J sc ) of 15.5 mA cm À2 ,a no pen-circuit voltage (V oc )o f7 01 mV,a nd a fill factor (FF) of 0.64 after being treated with DCA under AM1.5 solarlight.…”

Synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives from terminal alkynes and o-phenylenediamines by using copper alumina catalyst

“…With the optimized reaction conditions mentioned above, a variety of substrates were studied to check limitation of this reaction using several derivatives of substituted o-phenylenediamines and terminal alkynes (Table 4 # [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The terminal aryl alkynes bearing an electrondeficient group such as -F with o-phenylenediamine afforded an excellent yield (Table 4 # 1).…”

“…Considerably good yields of the desired products (Table 4 # 5-6) were obtained. Further, the substrate scope was extended for OPD derivatives (Table 4 # [7][8][9][10]. OPD bearing an electron-rich group such as -Me, afforded a good yield of the desired product but the strong electron-deficient group such as -NO 2 does not tolerate the reaction, hence no product formation was observed.…”

“…[3][4][5][6] Quinoxaline derivatives are also used in agriculture 7 (fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides), dye industries and as corrosion inhibitors. 8,9 Further, quinoxaline derivatives are building blocks of antibiotics such as levomycin, actinomycin and echinomycin. They control the growth of Grampositive bacteria and exhibit antitumor activity.…”