Synthesis and pharmacological activities of azo dye derivatives incorporating heterocyclic scaffolds: a review

Abstract

Nowadays, there is significant interest in the synthesis of heterocycle-incorporated azo dye derivatives as potential scaffolds in the pharmaceutical sector.

Red-shifted and pH-responsive imidazole-based azo dyes with potent antimicrobial activity

“…5 An additional interest in incorporating heterocyclic moieties into the azo dye scaffold is due to the improved bioactivity of the conjugated derivatives. 4,6,7 Among the different heterocycles, the imidazole nucleus has become one of the most important synthons in medicinal chemistry due to its broad range of chemical and biological properties. 8 Its particular relevance in the design of new imidazole-based antifungal agents 9,10 is another important area of research since the development of antimicrobial resistance, the emergence of new pathogens and the spread of the existing ones represent a global crisis.…”

“…Incorporating heterocyclic moieties in azo dyes affords functional advantages and unusual spectral properties over conventional azobenzenes, such as enhanced colouring properties, tinctorial strength, thermal stability, and more positive solvatochromic behavior. 4 They also offer broader structural diversity, basic sites and H-bonding interactions. 5 An additional interest in incorporating heterocyclic moieties into the azo dye scaffold is due to the improved bioactivity of the conjugated derivatives.…”

“…They also offer broader structural diversity, basic sites and H-bonding interactions 5 . An additional interest in incorporating heterocyclic moieties into the azo dye scaffold is due to the improved bioactivity of the conjugated derivatives 4,6,7 . Among the different heterocycles, imidazole nucleus has become one of the most important synthons in medicinal chemistry due to its broad range of chemical and biological properties 8 .…”

Synthesis of Pyrazole, Pyridine, and Pyrimidine Derivatives Incorporating Glucaminoid Moiety and Their Antioxidant, Antitumor Activities and Docking Study

“…There are a lot of fascinating properties of azo dye derivatives, including their therapeutic value as antineoplastics, [1,2] antidiabetics, [3] antiseptics, [4] antibacterial agents, [5,6] and antitumor agents. [7][8][9] They are known to engage in a few biological processes, such as N 2 fixation, carcinogenesis, and the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein creation.…”

Recent advances in electrochemical functionalization using diazonium salts

“…1 Even though the diazocoupling reaction is an ancient chemical transformation, arenediazonium salts have recently been revisited to develop diverse synthetic approaches. Due to their facile synthesis and high reactivity, they are greatly exploited as important intermediates in the dye industry, 2 in organic synthesis, 3 as photosensitive materials, 4 for peptide modification, 5 as pharmaceutical intermediates, 6 and in biologically active compounds. 7 Moreover, these very reactive electrophiles exhibit a wide range of reactivities from free-radical to organometallic synthesis affording functionalization at the aromatic carbon.…”