Synthesis and preliminary analytical evaluation of the chemiluminescence from (4-[4-(dichloromethylsilanyl)-butyl]-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) covalently bonded to silica particles

Abstract

This paper describes, for the first time, a simple and effective synthetic route for covalently bonding the chemiluminescence reagent, (4-[4-(dichloromethylsilanyl)-butyl]-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) onto silica particles. The subsequent preparation of chemically regeneratable detection cells and their preliminary analytical evaluation with both sequential injection analysis and flow injection analysis are also reported. Unoptimised analytical figures of merit were established for standard solutions of codeine and sodium oxalate with detection limits calculated from three times the standard deviation of the blank signal, of 1 x 10(-8) M and 3 x 10(-7) M respectively. The chemically immobilised reagent exhibited some intriguing solvent and kinetic effects, which are also briefly discussed.

Simultaneous control of spectroscopic and electrochemical properties in functionalised electrochemiluminescent tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) complexes

“…Numerous researchers have examined the influence of this simple electron-donating substituent on the fundamental properties (such as electron localisation, photoluminescence quantum yields, and ECL intensities) of ruthenium polypyridine complexes. 9,10,19,20 Longer alkyl groups have been used to provide space between the ruthenium complex and functionality used for labelling or immobilisation 21,22 or link multiple ruthenium complexes. 23 We have therefore included 4-methyl-4 0aminobutyl-2,2 0 -bipyridine (mab-bpy) and 4 0 -methyl-2,2 0 -bipyridine-4-butanoic acid (mba-bpy), which have previously been utilised as ECL labels 24 and in the synthesis of ECL dendrimers.…”

Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs

“…Using various flow analysis methodologies, limits of detection as low as 5 × 10 −11 M for morphine with permanganate,89, 110 and 5 × 10 −10 M for codeine with Ru(bipy) 3 2+ 111 have been reported. Moreover, these two reactions have been utilized as standard, rapid chemiluminescence systems to evaluate microfabricated devices112–115 and other analytical instrumentation; 11, 88, 90, 110 examine reagent stability,89, 116 structure113, 117–119 and immobilization;113, 114, 120–122 and explore new chemiluminescence‐based analytical approaches 123–125…”

Electrochemiluminescent Systems as Devices and Sensors

“…Another methodology involves covalent immobilization via substrate-silicon bond. 261,262 In comparison to adsorption of the ECL reagent, covalent immobilization is advantageous as no leaching is observed, leading to increased reproducibility and sensor lifetime. Both adsorption and covalent mobilization methods produce thin films with relatively small amount of Ru(bipy) 3 2 þ attached to the electrode that may result in correspondingly weak ECL signal because ECL intensity is generally proportional to the quantity of the emitting species.…”