Synthesis and properties of binuclear ferrocene energetic compounds as combustion rate catalyst

Abstract

In order to improve the catalytic performance, oxidation resistance and thermal stability of neutral alkyl ferrocene-based combustion rate catalysts, mononuclear ferrocene energetic compounds were designed and prepared, but four binuclear ferrocene energetic compounds were unexpectedly discovered during the synthesis compounds. The new compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The crystal structures of compounds a, b, c and d confirmed that we have successfully prepared binuclear ferrocene nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. The thermogravimetric results revealed that most of the compounds exhibit high thermal stability. The electrochemical properties of the four compounds were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry; the CV experimental results indicated that these compounds showed good electrochemical performance, which contributed to their burning rate catalytic activity in composite solid propellants. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the catalytic performance of the binuclear ferrocene energetic compounds for ammonium perchlorate (AP). The results show that these compounds have a good combustion catalytic effect on AP due to the increase in the number of ferrocene groups.

Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

“…Table summarizes the oxidation potentials of anhydrous DMSO solution reported with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. Compounds 1 , 2 , 1-IL , and 2-IL exhibited one quasireversible oxidation peak, associated with the oxidation of the iron center (Fe +2 /Fe +3 ) in each complex, as has been observed by other authors ,, (Figure ).…”

“…Table 2 summarizes the oxidation potentials of anhydrous DMSO solution reported with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. Compounds 1, 2, 1-IL, and 2-IL exhibited one quasireversible oxidation peak, associated with the oxidation of the iron center (Fe +2 /Fe +3 ) in each complex, as has been observed by other authors 24,43,45 (Figure 7). The oxidation potential of a compound can provide information about its ability to undergo oxidation reactions related to the catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of AP.…”

“…Several studies have focused on synthesizing combustion catalysts to improve CSPs’ burning rate and antimigration ability . These catalysts can be classified into four categories: transition metal oxides, , nanoparticles, − transition metal complexes, − and ferrocene (Fc)-based compounds. ,,− Transition metal oxides are inexpensive and simple to produce but have less worth in combustion. Nanoparticles have the advantage of being easier to transfer electrons and significantly reducing the decomposition temperature and activation energy for AP. , However, they are prone to aggregate and preferentially adsorbed on components during mixing, resulting in less dispersion of nano-Fe 2 O 3 particles and heat release of AP .…”

Catalytic combustion of a dendrimer containing ferrocene units with anti‐migration performance on composite propellant

“…[10][11][12][13] In the past decades, organometallic ferrocene derivatives have stood out from numerous BRCs due to their low toxicity, good compatibility, and easy modification. 14 Among them, the products that have been commercialized include n-butyl ferrocene, tert-butyl ferrocene, and binuclear 2,2-bis (ethylferrocene)propane (Catocene). 15 Although these catalysts have excellent performance in the enhancement of the burning rate, they are easy to migrate from the interior of the propellant to the surface.…”

“…In the past decades, organometallic ferrocene derivatives have stood out from numerous BRCs due to their low toxicity, good compatibility, and easy modification 14 . Among them, the products that have been commercialized include n ‐butyl ferrocene, tert ‐butyl ferrocene, and binuclear 2,2‐bis (ethylferrocene)propane (Catocene) 15 .…”