The reaction between 4,4′-diiodoazobenzene (0) with excess trimethylsilylacetylene or dec-1-yne in the presence of catalytic amounts of PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and CuI, Sonogashira coupling conditions, gave rise to the formation of 4,4′-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)azobenzene (1) and 4,4′-bis(dec-1-ynyl)azobenzene (2), in good yield, in addition to icosa-9,11-diyne (3) as byproduct in the last case. The analogous reactions from 0 and the alkynyl-cobalt complexes Co 2 (CO) 4 (μ-L-L)(μ 2 -η 2 -SiMe 3 C 2 )](CCH) (L-L = dppm, dmpm) afforded 12−14.Complexes 4−7 and 15 have been obtained by direct reaction between Co 2 (CO) 8 and the organic ligands 1−3. In order to increase the stabilization of Co−Co bonds, diphenylphosphinomethane-substituted alkyne-carbonyl complexes 8−11 were prepared by substitution reaction of carbonyl ligands in the presence of Me 3 NO at the Co 2 (CO) 6 units from 4−7. All products were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data (IR, 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P NMR, and MS). Crystals of 9 suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction were grown, and the molecular structure of this compound is discussed. In this paper we report a comparative electrochemical study of these complexes by means of cyclic and square-wave voltammetry techniques, the trans−cis photoisomerization study of azobenzene compounds, and the thermotropic liquid-crystalline behavior.
■ INTRODUCTIONAzobenzene and its derivatives constitute a family of dye molecules known since the middle of the last century. 1 These chromophores are very versatile molecules that have received much attention in both fundamental and applied research areas. 2 Basically, they are characterized by intense color, high thermal stability (up to 350°C), and a trans to cis reversible isomerization of the NN double bond upon UV light irradiation, whereas the reverse isomerization can take place by visible light irradiation or by heating, the trans-form being generally more stable than the cis-form. 3 Photoinduced isomerization involves dramatic structural rearrangements: the distance between the para carbon atoms in the molecule decreases from about 9.0 Å in the trans-form to 5.5 Å in the cisform. Furthermore, the change in the configuration leads to a significant increase in the dipole moment. The trans-form has no dipole moment, while the dipole moment of the nonplanar cis compound is 3.0 D. 4 Azobenzene and nearly all its monosubstituted derivatives show a strong band in the UV region attributed to the π−π* transition at ca. 290 nm in the cis-form (depending on the solvent) and at ca. 320 nm in the trans-form and a much weaker band in the visible region (around 450 nm), due to the n−π* transition. 5 On conversion to the cis-isomer, the π−π* band shifts to shorter wavelengths, and the intensity of the n−π* absorption increases. Usually, four mechanisms for the trans−cis reaction are considered: rotation, inversion, concerted inversion, and inversion-assisted rotation. The actual mechanism depends on the exact surroundings of the azo group. 3,6 Since the tw...