Synthesis and properties of novel nitro-based thermally stable energetic compounds

Gutowski, Łukasz; Cudziło, S.

doi:10.1016/j.dt.2020.05.008

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Heat-resistant energetic materials (EMs) with excellent thermal stability can endure high-temperature environments for a long time [1][2][3]. In particular, 2,6-Bis(picrylamino)-3,5dinitropyridine (PYX) is a type of heat-resistant EM, first synthesized in the 1970s [4], that has been widely used in oil-well drilling [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cubic Crystal Morphology on Thermal Characteristics and Mechanical Sensitivity of PYX

Luo,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Crystals

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To investigate the influence of the cubic crystal morphology on the thermal properties and sensitivity of 2,6-bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine (PYX), cubic PYX (CPYX) crystals were prepared using the antisolvent method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to characterize the morphology, particle size and structure of the prepared products. The thermal behavior, thermal decomposition kinetics, thermal safety parameters and thermal decomposition mechanism of CPYX were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (DSC-TG-MS-FT-IR) and in situ FT-IR experiments. Meanwhile, the mechanical sensitivity of CPYX was determined by means of the explosion probability method. The results showed that the product had a smooth cubic morphology and small crystal aspect ratio with an average particle size (d50) of 10.65 μm, but it had no distinct differences from the crystal structure of raw PYX (RPYX). The thermal decomposition peak temperature, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature and the critical temperature of the thermal explosion of CPYX increased by 7.2 °C, 6.1 °C and 10.4 °C, respectively, compared to RPYX. Similarly, the apparent activation energy increased by 15%. Besides these, the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of CPYX decreased by 36% and 20%, respectively, compared to RPYX. The decomposition process of CPYX contains two stages. The first stage involves the breakage of N-H bonds and -NO2 groups with the release of CO2, N2O, NO, HCN and H2O, followed by the thermal decomposition of the resulting intermediate and the release of CO2, N2O and HCN in the second stage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cubic Crystal Morphology on Thermal Characteristics and Mechanical Sensitivity of PYX

Luo,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Crystals

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“…For a long time, nitrated heterocycles have piqued the interest of researchers as an excellent mix of nitrogen-rich backbone and nitro explosophores. Nitrogen-rich backbone contributes to energy content and gaseous detonation products, while multiple nitro groups in such energetic molecules boost density significantly and offer adequate oxygen sources to provide proper oxygen balance and boost performance in energy release. − With the increasing demand for a superior energetic material, the rational assemblage of explosophoric groups with diverse backbones is highly tempting for performance integration. The introduction of isomer chemistry in an energetic material field broadens the research scope and has garnered much attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Manifestation of Nitro-Substituted Tris(triazole): Understanding the Impact of Isomerism on Performance-Stability Parameters

Maan,

Ghule,

Dharavath

2023

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Density functional theory (DFT) methods were used to design a series of energetic dinitro-tris(triazole) isomers by altering the triazole rings and −NO 2 groups. The impact of three nitrogen atoms' position in the tris(triazole) scaffold on energy content, performance, and stability was discussed. Based on computed heats of formation and densities, the detonation properties were predicted using the thermochemical EXPLO5 (v6.06) code. Using the bond dissociation energy of the longest C−NO 2 bond, the thermal stability was investigated. The mechanical sensitivities were estimated and correlated with RDX and HMX using maximum heats of detonation (Q), free void (ΔV) in the lattice of the crystalline compound, and total −NO 2 group charge. Among the designed series, compounds O4, R1, R3, and R4 display high heats of formation (>450 kJ/mol), high densities (>1.92 g/cm 3 ), good detonation performances (D > 8.76 km/s and P > 32.0 GPa), and low sensitivities. Our findings suggest that the isomeric tricyclic triazole backbone could be a promising platform for developing new high-performing and thermostable energy materials.

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“…Research is ongoing in the search for more powerful aluminized explosives with good thermal, impact, and shock stability. Meanwhile, sev-eral dozen compounds classified as thermally stable explosives or insensitive high explosives (IHEs) have been synthesized [5,[8][9][10]. Among them, LLM-105 (2,6-diamino-3,5dinitropyrazine-1-oxide, C 4 H 4 N 6 O 5 ) is a promising IHE whose calculated energy content is~85 % that of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 ) and~115 % that of TATB [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Stable and Low‐Sensitive Aluminized Explosives with Improved Detonation Performance

Tan

Song

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Two new types of aluminized explosives TATB/ HMX/Al and LLM-105/Al were formulated and compared with the formerly reported TATB/Al explosives in terms of thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance. Firstly, the heat of the explosion was measured and two formulations were selected as the investigated samples. Next the thermal stability was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and thermal cook-off tests. Then the impact and friction sensitivity were measured, and finally the detonation performance was characterized by cylinder tests and particle velocity measurements of the detonation reaction zone. From the calorimetric data, the new types of explosives increase the heat of the explosion significantly. In terms of thermal stability, LLM-105/Al = 65/ 30 is more stable than TATB/HMX/Al = 50/15/30, but both of them are inferior to TATB/Al = 70/25. The impact sensitivity of the two new explosives is higher than that of TATB/Al = 70/25, and all of the samples are insensitive to friction. For detonation performance, both of the two new samples are superior to TATB/Al = 70/25, and LLM-105/Al = 65/30 exhibits the best performance that it has the highest Gurney energy, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure. Conclusions about how to use those aluminized explosives to generate optimal effects are drawn.

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Synthesis and properties of novel nitro-based thermally stable energetic compounds

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Effect of Cubic Crystal Morphology on Thermal Characteristics and Mechanical Sensitivity of PYX

Effect of Cubic Crystal Morphology on Thermal Characteristics and Mechanical Sensitivity of PYX

Computational Manifestation of Nitro-Substituted Tris(triazole): Understanding the Impact of Isomerism on Performance-Stability Parameters

Thermally Stable and Low‐Sensitive Aluminized Explosives with Improved Detonation Performance

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