As in previous years, this review will emphasise synthetic, structural and spectroscopic aspects of discrete molecular species containing Group 16 elements. Notable advances include the increasing prominence of organochalcogen-nitrogen heterocycles for materials applications and the wealth of structural motifs and forms of reactivity afforded by simple chemical transformations.
Sulfur, selenium and telluriumWe begin by reviewing carbon-free rings, cages and clusters. [As 3 S 5 ][AlCl 4 ] and [As 3 Se 4 ][AlCl 4 ] are obtained by reaction of S 8 or selenium respectively with As-AsCl 3 -AlCl 3 melts at 80 1C, followed by slow cooling to 50 1C. 1 The cation structures are derived from As 3 E tetrahedra (E ¼ S or Se) with three edge-bridging selenium atoms in [As 3 Se 4 ] 1 and four edge-bridging sulfurs in [As 3 S 5 ] 1 . The geometry, phase stability and electronic properties of isolated selenium chains incorporated into nanoporous AlPO 4 -5 crystals were investigated, 2 [2,2,2-crypt-Na] 1 salts of [Tl 4 Se 8 ] 4and [Tl 2 Se 4 ] 2are generated by extracting NaTl 0.5 Se into ethylenediamine in the presence of 2,2,2-crypt and 18-crown-6, 3 and [cyclo-Te 4 ] [Ga 2 Br 7 ] 2 is available from the reaction between Te and GaBr 3 in benzene. 4 Potential energy hypersurfaces of S 7 and of [LiS 7 ] 1 were investigated by Steudel and coworkers using ab initio MO calculations at the G3X(MP2) level of theory. 5 The boatlike cyclo-S 7 conformer is less stable (by E12 kJ mol À1 ) than the chairlike form, for the fifteen [LiS 7 ] 1 complexes modelled, the calculated binding energies were À93.8 to À165.7 kJ mol À1 . The same workers have also investigated Li 1 complex formation with H 2 S, Me 2 S n (n ¼ 1-5) and isomers of S 6 . 6 The first telluradistibirane and telluradibismirane (Bbt) 2 E 2 Te (E ¼ Sb or Bi), containing E 2 Te rings, were obtained by treating (Bbt)EQE(Bbt) with n Bu 3 PTe at room temperature. 7 The telluradistibirane is stable in solution up to 140 1C, whereas the bismuth analogue eliminates (Bbt)BiQBi(Bbt) and (Bbt) 2 Te 2 at 100 1C. The S-S bond order in [S 2 I 4 ] 21 , judged by crystallography, vibrational spectroscopy and normal co-ordinate analysis to be 2.2-2.4, is among the highest values determined for heavier maingroup elements in an isolated compound. 8 Passmore and Laitinen have applied MP2, B3PW91 and PBE0 methods to predict structural and spectroscopic parameters for [SeX 3 ] 1 and SeX 2 (X ¼ Cl, Br or I), 9 finding close agreement with experimental data, while the mixed-valence bromoselenate [Et 4 N] 2 [Se 3 Br 8 (Se 2 Br 2 )] is accessible from the reaction between selenium and Br 2 in acetonitrile, in the presence GDC,