Synthesis and Properties of Polyesters from Waste Grapeseed Oil: Comparison with Soybean and Rapeseed Oils

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the application of grapeseed oil, a waste product from the wine industry, as a renewable feedstock to make polyesters and to compare the properties of these materials with those derived from soybean and rapeseed oils. All three oils were epoxidized to give renewable epoxy monomers containing between 3.8 and 4.7 epoxides per molecule. Polymerisation was achieved with cyclic anhydrides catalysed by 4-methyl imidazole at 170 and 210°C. Polymers produced from methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (Aradur917 Ò ) had greater tensile strength and Young's Modulus (tensile strength = 12.8 MPa, Young's Modulus = 1005 MPa for grapeseed) than methyl nadic anhydride (MNA) derived materials (5.6 and 468 MPa for grapeseed) due to increased volume of MNA decreasing crosslink density. Soybean and grapeseed oils produced materials with higher tensile strength (5.6-29.3 MPa) than rapeseed derived polyesters (2.5-3.9 MPa) due to a higher epoxide functionality increasing crosslinking. T g 's of the polyesters ranged from -36 to 62°C and mirrored the trend in epoxide functionality with grapeseed producing higher T g polymers (-17 to 17°C) than soybean (-25 to 6°C) and rapeseed (-36 to -27°C). Grapeseed oil showed similar properties to soybean oil in terms of T g , thermal degradation and Young's Modulus but produced polymers of lower tensile strength.Therefore grapeseed oil would only be a viable substitute for soybean for low stress applications or where thermal properties are more important.

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Typings of Edible Oils through Spectral Networking of Triacylglycerol Fingerprints

“…Although the TAG fingerprint of grapeseed A had a high similarity to that of the standard grapeseed oil (cos θ = 0.984), it was more similar to those of the soybean oils, as inferred by the network. In this case, it might be the consequence that soybean oil and grapeseed oil had similar FA chain compositions in TAGs, in which C18:2 FA was the most dominant species followed by C18:1 FA and C16:0 FA . For olive E, interestingly, it had a distinct TAG fingerprint (Figure S9).…”

“…In this case, it might be the consequence that soybean oil and grapeseed oil had similar FA chain compositions in TAGs, in which C18:2 FA was the most dominant species followed by C18:1 FA and C16:0 FA. 40 For olive E, interestingly, it had a distinct TAG fingerprint (Figure S9). As a result, it had a relative low TAG similarity compared to other oils and thus presented as an independent node in the network.…”

Microplastic Polymers in Surface Waters and Sediments in the Creeks Along the Kenya Coast, Western Indian Ocean (WIO)

“…Water samples: Water samples were processed as described by Kerubo et al (2020). Sediment samples: Samples were transferred onto aluminium foil and dried separately at 60° C (Clark et al, 2017) until a constant mass was attained. The dry samples were homogenised, weighed, and screened over sieves of 5mm and 500 µm mesh sizes on a shaker to obtain 500 -4999 µm size grains.…”

Revalorization of Grape Seed Oil for Innovative Non-Food Applications

“…Grape seed oil was compared with soybean and rapeseed oil for producing renewable crosslinked polyester resins by Clark et al [106]. They concluded that grape seed oil presented a lower crosslink density due to its higher linoleic acid content but a higher thermal stability, being this product a viable substitute of traditional polyester resins in low stress or highdemanding thermal applications.…”