Boron-rich
tungsten borides such as WB2+x
and WB3+x
have been highly expected
to be superhard with many advantages over conventional superhard materials.
However, because the formation of boron-rich tungsten borides is thermodynamically
unfavorable at ambient pressure, their crystal structures, compositions,
and properties are largely unexplored, which have impeded the rational
design of functional materials in the W–B family. In this work,
using unique high-pressure reactions, we report a systematic synthesis
study of challenging compounds of tungsten borides including WB, WB2+x
, and WB3+x
. The use of pressure, combined with the controllable temperature,
heating duration, and ratios of starting reactants, leads to different
compositions and structures of final products with largely tunable
crystallite size from nanocrystalline to single-crystal forms. In
addition, the optimal conditions for the formation of WB3+x
are well investigated by tuning the temperature
and starting ratio of reactants, as well as by adding a solvent material.
Phase diagrams and stabilities of the involved W–B compounds
are also well depicted, which would provide an important guidance
for future exploratory synthesis and study of the family of transition-metal
borides.