Synthesis and Spectral Characterisation of Fabricated Cerium-Doped Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential and Its Membranolytic Activity through Large Unilamellar Vesicles

Abstract

Considerable attention has been given to Magnesium oxide nanoparticles lately due to their antimicrobial potential, low toxicity to humans, high thermal stability, biocompatibility, and low cost of production. However, their successful transformation into sustainable drugs is limited due to their low membrane permeability, which reduces their bioavailability in target cells. Herein we propose Cerium-doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgOCeNPs) as a powerful solution to above mentioned limitations and are compared with MgO NPs for their membrane permeability and antimicrobial activity. Both pure and Ce-doped were characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, in which an X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination reveals the lattice patterns for doped nanoparticles. Furthermore, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed the three-dimensional (3D) structure and height of the nanoparticle. The crystal structure (FCC) of MgO did not change with Ce doping. However, microstructural properties like lattice parameter, crystallite size and biological activity of MgO significantly changed with Ce doping. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of MgOCeNPs in comparison to MgO NPs and to understand the underlying mechanisms, the antibacterial activity was investigated against human pathogenic bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and antifungal activity against THY-1, a fungal strain. MgOCeNPs were studied by several methods, which resulted in a strong antibacterial and antifungal activity in the form of an elevated zone of inhibition, reduced growth curve, lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC80) and enhanced cytotoxicity in both bacterial and fungal strain as compared to MgO nanoparticles. The study of the growth curve showed early and prolonged stationary phase and early decline log phase. Both bacterial and fungal strains showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity with enhancement in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and formation of pores in the membrane when interacting with egg-phosphatidylcholine model Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs). The proposed mechanism of MgOCeNPs toxicity evidently is membranolytic activity and induction of ROS production, which may cause oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity. These results confirmed that MgOCeNPs are a novel and very potent antimicrobial agent with a great promise of controlling and treating other microbes.

Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles against MDRPseudomonas aeruginosaIsolated from Different Clinical Infections

“…This result agrees with [20] when they exposed that magnesium oxide NPs were effective antibacterial against P. aeruginosa so that inhibition zone gradually increases with increasing concentrations of imported magnesium oxide nanoparticles.…”

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles: Synthetic Strategies and Biomedical Applications

“…Additionally, the proposed bionanocomposite exhibited higher antifungal activity as compared to pure magnesium oxide and cellulose, respectively. Khatua and co-researchers [165] prepared pure magnesium oxide and cerium-doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles through a facile and low-cost wet chemical approach. They reported that cerium-doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles presented increased fungicidal activity and cytotoxicity against plant pathogenic fungi (THY-1) compared to pure magnesium oxide nanoparticles.…”

Statistical analysis of experimental factors for synthesis of copper oxide and tin oxide for antibacterial applications

“…Recently, mechanical milling has emerged as an effective method for the synthesis of copper oxide and tin oxide nanoparticles due to its simplicity, scalability, and costeffectiveness [10]- [13]. Mechanical milling involves the grinding of bulk materials in the presence of a reducing agent to produce nanoparticles.…”