Synthesis and use of a hyper-connecting cross-linking agent in the hole-transporting layer of perovskite solar cells

Watson, Brian L.; Rolston, Nicholas; Bush, Kevin A.; Taleghani, Leila; Dauskardt, Reinhold H.

doi:10.1039/c7ta05004f

Cited by 42 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Fracture Energy Testing : The mechanical testing was performed using double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens fabricated by sandwiching the perovskite films of interest between glass beams with a thin, brittle epoxy (E‐20NS, Hysol) cured overnight under pressure in a N 2 glove box at 25 °C. Before bonding, a protective, cross‐linked PTAA polymer layer at a concentration of 15 mg mL −1 (Solaris Chem.) with 3 mg mL −1 of 1,3,5,7‐tetrakis‐( p ‐benzylazide)‐adamantane was spin‐coated onto the perovskite films, and a metal barrier film (Ti/Al) was e‐beam evaporated onto the PTAA to prevent epoxy diffusion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure , all perovskite films with additives show increased G c and PLQY compared to the control samples, suggesting that additives attach to and passivate the perovskite nanocrystal surface, enhancing both mechanical and optoelectronic properties. In fact, the cohesion energies of most perovskite devices are below 0.5 J m −2 , making these samples over two times more mechanically robust than other perovskite devices tested . The higher fracture energy indicates that perovskite films with additives are less likely to crack compared to control films on flexible substrates subjected to mechanical stress.…”

Section: Enhancing Mechanical Stability and Optoelectronic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Bulky Organo‐Ammonium Halide Additive Choice on the Flexibility and Efficiency of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices

Zhao

Rolston

Lee

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

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Perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) require small grain sizes to spatially confine charge carriers for efficient radiative recombination. As grain size decreases, passivation of surface defects becomes increasingly important. Additionally, polycrystalline perovskite films are highly brittle and mechanically fragile, limiting their practical applications in flexible electronics. In this work, the introduction of properly chosen bulky organo-ammonium halide additives is shown to be able to improve both optoelectronic and mechanical properties of perovskites, yielding highly efficient, robust, and flexible perovskite LEDs with external quantum efficiency of up to 13% and no degradation after bending for 10 000 cycles at a radius of 2 mm. Furthermore, insight of the improvements regarding molecular structure, size, and polarity at the atomic level is obtained with first-principles calculations, and design principles are provided to overcome trade-offs between optoelectronic and mechanical properties, thus increasing the scope for future highly efficient, robust, and flexible perovskite electronic device development.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enhancing Mechanical Stability and Optoelectronic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Bulky Organo‐Ammonium Halide Additive Choice on the Flexibility and Efficiency of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices

Zhao

Rolston

Lee

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

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“…[497,498] Fragility of perovskite layer, career selective (organic and inorganic) contacts, and poor adhesion between layers are primary factors contributing to the fracture of PVKSCs. Detailed analysis of limiting aspects for mechanical robustness of different device architectures can be found in recent publications by Dauskardt et al [496][497][498][499][500][501]…”

Section: Mechanical Fragility Of Perovskite Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[499] For HTL, the incorporation of a azide-functionalized cross-linking agent TPBA (1,3,5,7-tetrakis-(p-benzylazide)-adamantane) into PTAA improved its mechanical toughness and adhesion to the perovskite layer. [501] Integration of additives such as phosphonic acid ammonium [422] or polyurethane [502] additives into the perovskite has enabled crosslinking between perovskite crystals to overcome the deleterious impact of grain boundaries on G c of perovskite thin films. Despite such individual component improvements, fracture energies are currently low (<2 J/m 2 ) because of the intrinsic cohesive / adhesive failures.…”

Section: Device Engineering Strategies To Improve Mechanical Robustnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Perovskite Solar Cell Commercialization: A Perspective and Research Roadmap Based on Interfacial Engineering

2018

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High-efficiency and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PVKSCs) are an ideal candidate for addressing the scalability challenge of solar-based renewable energy. The dynamically evolving research field of PVKSCs has made immense progress in solving inherent challenges and capitalizing on their unique structure-property-processing-performance traits. This review offers a unique outlook on the paths toward commercialization of PVKSCs from the interfacial engineering perspective, relevant to both specialists and nonspecialists in the field through a brief introduction of the background of the field, current state-of-the-art evolution, and future research prospects. The multifaceted role of interfaces in facilitating PVKSC development is explained. Beneficial impacts of diverse charge-transporting materials and interfacial modifications are summarized. In addition, the role of interfaces in improving efficiency and stability for all emerging areas of PVKSC design are also evaluated. The authors' integral contributions in this area are highlighted on all fronts. Finally, future research opportunities for interfacial material development and applications along with scalability-durability-sustainability considerations pivotal for facilitating laboratory to industry translation are presented.

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“…Crosslinking also enabled fabrication of perovskite solar cells with increased photovoltaic efficiencies. The crosslinked polymer film showed better adhesion to the perovskite layer, mitigating interfacial device failure [68]. TPBA was also used by Watson et al in the fabrication of a so-called compound solar cell, a perovskite solar cell partitioned into an array of microcells for increased chemical and mechanically stability [69].…”

Section: Small Molecule Azide Crosslinkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive & Efficient: Organic Azides as Cross-Linkers in Material Sciences

Schock

Bräse

2020

Molecules

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The exceptional reactivity of the azide group makes organic azides a highly versatile family of compounds in chemistry and the material sciences. One of the most prominent reactions employing organic azides is the regioselective copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes yielding 1,2,3-triazoles. Other named reactions include the Staudinger reduction, the aza-Wittig reaction, and the Curtius rearrangement. The popularity of organic azides in material sciences is mostly based on their propensity to release nitrogen by thermal activation or photolysis. On the one hand, this scission reaction is accompanied with a considerable output of energy, making them interesting as highly energetic materials. On the other hand, it produces highly reactive nitrenes that show extraordinary efficiency in polymer crosslinking, a process used to alter the physical properties of polymers and to boost efficiencies of polymer-based devices such as membrane fuel cells, organic solar cells (OSCs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Thermosets are also suitable application areas. In most cases, organic azides with multiple azide functions are employed which can either be small molecules or oligo- and polymers. This review focuses on nitrene-based applications of multivalent organic azides in the material and life sciences.

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Synthesis and use of a hyper-connecting cross-linking agent in the hole-transporting layer of perovskite solar cells

Abstract: Solution-processed organic semiconducting materials feature prominently in modern optoelectronic devices, especially where low-cost and flexibility are specific goals, such as perovskite solar cells.

Cited by 42 publications

References 58 publications

Influence of Bulky Organo‐Ammonium Halide Additive Choice on the Flexibility and Efficiency of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices

Influence of Bulky Organo‐Ammonium Halide Additive Choice on the Flexibility and Efficiency of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices

Toward Perovskite Solar Cell Commercialization: A Perspective and Research Roadmap Based on Interfacial Engineering

Reactive & Efficient: Organic Azides as Cross-Linkers in Material Sciences

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