Synthesis and utilization of catalytically cracked cashew nut shell liquid in a diesel engine

Abstract

In this study, CNSL (Cashew nut shell liquid), an economically viable feedstock among the other contemporary resources, has been considered as an appropriate source of alternate fuel.Herein, CNSL was extracted from cashew nut outer shell, a waste product, through a unique approach of steam treatment process followed by mechanical crushing technique. In contrast to the past studies that have attempted to use unprocessed CNSL directly as substitute for diesel, this study has resorted to use processed CNSL by cracking it using zeolite catalyst. Thus, both the extraction of CNSL from cashew nut outer shell and processing of it through catalytic cracking process to help synthesize CC-CNSL (catalytically cracked CNSL) are different, which underscores the significance of the current work. In wake of adopting such distinct methodologies with fuel characterization, the properties of CC-CNSL such as viscosity and calorific value were figured out to be improved. Subsequently, CC-CNSL20 (20% CC-CNSL and 80% diesel) was tested at different fuel injection pressure such as 200 bar, 235 bar, 270 bar and 300 bar so as to optimize its use in a single cylinder diesel engine. From the engine experimental study, CC-CNSL20 was found to evince better engine performance than diesel and the composite emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbon), NO X (oxides of nitrogen) and smoke, computed based on ISO 8178 D2 standard test cycle, were found to be better than diesel and incompliance with the legislative norms for genset.

Effect of Injection Parameters on the Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Powered with Jamun Seed and Cashew Nutshell B20 Biodiesel Blends

“…Higher pressures and temperatures resulted in higher hydrogenation and deoxygenation, while at lower conditions, a high degree of cracking was reported [14]. Vedharaj et al, (2016) reported a unique method of oil extraction from cashew nutshell (CNSL) using a steam treatment assisted by a crushing technique and followed by cracking using a catalyst of zeolite. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel and their blends were determined.…”

“…The physicochemical properties of biodiesel and their blends were determined. The performance of a CI engine powered by CNSLB20 was evaluated with various injection pressures, and the results were compared with conventional fuel [15]. Velmurugan et al (2014) studied engine performance powered by thermally cracked CNSL and their blends.…”

Density Functional Theory Study of the Molecular Interaction between Selective Phenolic Compounds and Glycerol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…CNSL is the agro waste from cashew processing industry, which is cheaper than the existing alternate fuel (that is, waste vegetable and frying oil, animal fat, plastic oil, engine lubricating oil, kapok oil in diesel engines). 1 CNSL has two different types: 1. technical CNSL and 2. natural CNSL. Technical CNSL consists of 62.86% cardanol, 11.25% cardol, 2.04% 2-methyl cardol, and 2.04% polymer, whereas 1.2% cardanol, 11.31% cardol, 2.08% 2-methyl cardol, 20.3% polymer, and 64.93% anacardic acid are present in natural CNSL.…”

“…Cardanol in cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is one of the potential substitutes for diesel in diesel engines. CNSL is the agro waste from cashew processing industry, which is cheaper than the existing alternate fuel (that is, waste vegetable and frying oil, animal fat, plastic oil, engine lubricating oil, kapok oil in diesel engines) …”

Tribological analyses of a new optimized gearbox biodegradable lubricant blended with reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles

“…31 Promising work has been reported using many vegetable oils such as jatropha oil, jojoba oil, mahua oil, rapeseed oil etc., which have shown reasonable results as compared to commercially available mineral oils. 12,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Cashew nuts are grown in surplus in India, and thus a vegetable oil can be easily obtained 40 from cashew nuts. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is produced while processing of cashews which is produced before cardanol and thus can be considered as one of the natural substitutes to the mineral oils used in industry.…”