Synthesis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives using K2CO3/glycerol as a green deep eutectic solvent

Abstract

Providing green methods for the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds with biological properties is interesting for scientists. Through the multi-component reaction of aldehyde derivatives, methyl 2-cyanoacetate, and phenylhydrazine using K2CO3, and glycerol as a deep eutectic solvent, new derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile were synthesized. Biological evaluation of the synthesized 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives, including antioxidant activity on DPPH free radical and antimicrobial activity on a wide range of Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacterial, and fungal species, was done. In the antioxidant activity, IC50 value, and in the antimicrobial activity, IZD, MIC, MFC, and MBC parameters were assessed. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives showed significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity and, in examining the results, a good relationship between the structure and biological activity of the 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives were found.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Diversity, Structure, Biosynthesis and Extraction of Biologically Active Tannins from Various Plant-Based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Nevertheless, DESs are easy to handle and prepare, which includes the mixing of components at an exact ratio, whether it is achieved by mixing and heating the mixture until a transparent liquid is formed, dissolving components in water and subsequent evaporation or freeze-drying, or even by grinding [ 157 ]. Many researchers have recognized their potential for various applications, and DESs have been extensively used in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [ 165 , 166 , 167 ], biomass valorization [ 168 , 169 , 170 ], the extraction of bioactive compounds [ 171 , 172 , 173 ], and electrodeposition [ 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 ].…”