“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained increasing attention as efficient and clean energy storage devices to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, restraining environmental pollution, 1 and thus the related LIB industry has developed rapidly. 2,3 To date, LIBs have been widely applied in portable electronic devices, power tools, medical devices, smart watches, satellites, drones, marine vehicles, electric vehicles and utilityscale storage. However, the expanding applications of LIBs has also increased the battery requirements including higher energy density, longer life, lower cost, and safer features.…”