Synthesis, characterization and activity performance of nickel-loaded spent FCC catalyst for pine gum hydrogenation

Abstract

A Ni-based catalyst supported over a spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was prepared by a wet impregnation method.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue with spent FCC catalyst loaded with ferric oxide and titanium dioxide

“…In the oil refinery, the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important secondary conversion procrss 1 – 4 . The crude oil can be converted into the valuable small molecules products, which is an essential process for gasoline production 5 . In the FCC process, the catalytic activity of FCC catalyst decreases after several cycles.…”

Combined Activated Carbon with Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst and MgO for the Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Wax into Diesel-like Hydrocarbon Fuels

“…77-1551). 17 Additionally, a small amount of zeolite ZSM-5, Al 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 was observed. The spent FCC catalyst was mainly composed of stable zeolite Y that indeed has been used in cracking and hydrocracking catalysts and has an internal pore structure, an acidic site that promotes the C–C cleavage and hydrogen transfer affecting the degradation of large polymers to moderate compounds.…”

“…The results indicated that the role of the strong Brønsted acid catalyst was enhanced to improve the catalytic activity to cleave C–C bonds from the medium-length hydrocarbon chain to smaller compounds, after which the effect of high temperature accelerated the secondary cracking reaction, resulting in a decrease in liquid yields and an increase in gas yields. 17 , 18 Furthermore, it is worth noting that the slight appearance of a carbonaceous layer increased with the increase in spent FCC to pyrolytic pyrolysis of WPEW due to the oligomerization and aromatization of alkanes in the catalyst pore structure. Compared with the use of spent FCC and noncatalytic pyrolysis, it was found that using spent FCC catalyst decreased both the liquid and solid yields, while the yield of gaseous compounds was increased due to the role of the FCC catalyst in thermal breakdown by free radicals at moderate temperatures enhancing the C–C degradation of the polymer chains into short hydrocarbon chains.…”

“…Furthermore, an increase in the loading percentage of spent FCC in the catalytic pyrolysis of WPEW increased both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid active sites, which consisted of strong acidity and was favorable for coke formation by mass transfer of small molecules through the external surface and hindering contact between the large structure and the active sites inside the catalyst, thereby accelerating the decomposition of volatile vapor into small hydrocarbon compounds and obtaining a greater product distribution in the gas yield. 15 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 32 The product distribution of the liquid product consisted of naphtha from 29.31 to 35.88 wt % by the use of spent FCC loading increased from 1 to 5 wt %, whereas kerosene, diesel, and long-chain residue contents decreased to 15.03–13.51, 34.51–27.97, and 3.72–2.56 wt %, respectively. The effect of the acidic sites in the metal oxides could facilitate the dehydration reaction of organic molecules, which could also promote the cleavage of the macromolecules into small ones.…”

“…However, the occurrence of coke deposits over FCC during catalytic reactions affects the deactivation of acid active sites and reduces the mass transfer in pores, and channels of catalysts are hindered. 17 , 18 Dolomite (DM) is readily available as a kind of natural mineral that is used as an absorbent and a low-cost catalyst. As a catalyst, DM contains many Lewis basic sites that appear as CaO and MgO, improving the strong catalytic activity, and DM is used as an effective catalyst to convert both oxygenated and carboxylic groups in large hydrocarbons into linear saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons and gases.…”