Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Four Novel Electrochromic Materials Employing Nitrotriphenylamine Unit as the Acceptor and Different Thiophene Derivatives as the Donor

Abstract

Abstract:In this study, four novel donor-acceptor systems, 4-(2,3-dihydrothieno [3,4-b]and 4-nitro-N,N-bis(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)aniline (NTTPA), were successfully synthesized by Stille coupling reaction and electropolymerized to obtain highly stable conducting polymers, PNETPA, PNMOTPA, PNMTPA and PNTTPA, respectively. The polymers were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), step profiling and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The band gaps (E g values) were 1.34, 1.59, 2.26, and 2.34 eV, for PNETPA, PNMOTPA, PNMTPA and PNTTPA, respectively. In addition, electrochromic switching showed that all polymers exhibit outstanding optical contrasts, high coloration efficiencies and fast switching speeds in the near-infrared region (NIR). These properties make the polymers suitable materials for electrochromic applications in NIR region.

Color Tuning by Oxide Addition in PEDOT:PSS-Based Electrochromic Devices

“…Here, Q is the amount of charge transferred per unit area. The calculated optical density Δ OD = 0.76 and the amount of charge Q = 0.01451 C.cm −2 leads to a coloration efficiency value of 52.4 cm 2 ·C −1 The rather low CE value as compared to the ones reported in the literature [1,14,15,17] may originate from the wide potential range leading to large current values measured using chronoamperometry while the capacity is usually deduced from dynamic measurements using cyclic voltammetry.…”

“…The list of electrochromic materials include inorganic systems (e.g., WO 3, V 2 O 5, NiO [7,8,9] and Prussian blue [10]) and organic ones (e.g., viologens, polyaniline, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)). Compared with inorganic electrochromic materials, organic electrochromic materials have advantages such as a broader color palette, higher coloration efficiency, and greater optical contrast [11,12,13,14,15,16]. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the suitability of a large number of techniques, including spray coating, ink jet, and doctor blading, for deposition of thin films of conducting polymers with good control of the process [17,18,19,20,21,22,23].…”

An Efficient Electrochromic Supercapacitor Based on Solution‐Processable Nanoporous Poly{tris[4‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine}

“…[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] In addition, al arge number of TPA-based polymers exhibit electrochromic behaviord uring redoxp rocesses that have potential applications in ECDs. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] To improve the charge carriert ransport properties and structural stabilities of polymerc hains, somet hiophene derivatives, such as 2,2'-bithiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), have been incorporated within the polymer backbonea s" bridge" linkages. As eries of monomers that consist of aT PA core substituted by thiophene derivatives was synthesized recently,a nd the resulting polymers possess good electrochemical stabilitya nd variouse lectrochromic properties.…”

“…As eries of monomers that consist of aT PA core substituted by thiophene derivatives was synthesized recently,a nd the resulting polymers possess good electrochemical stabilitya nd variouse lectrochromic properties. [31][32][33][34][35][36] One of these reported monomers is tris [4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine (TEPA), which was synthesized by the Stille cross-coupling reaction. [31,37] Chahma et al [37] and Idzik et al [38] prepared poly-{tris [4-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)phenyl]amine} (PTEPA) films by electrochemical polymerization andf ound that they have significant electroactivity and reasonable redox stability,a lthought hese films are insoluble in all common solvents.…”

“…Among these reported conjugated polymers, many polymers based on triphenylamine (TPA), which have ultrafast electron‐transfer rate constants and good hole‐transporting abilities, have been studied intensively as electrode materials for organic batteries and SCs . In addition, a large number of TPA‐based polymers exhibit electrochromic behavior during redox processes that have potential applications in ECDs . To improve the charge carrier transport properties and structural stabilities of polymer chains, some thiophene derivatives, such as 2,2′‐bithiophene and 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), have been incorporated within the polymer backbone as “bridge” linkages.…”