The oxidation of aldehyde is one of the fundamental reactions
in
the biological system. Various synthetic procedures and catalysts
have been developed to convert aldehydes into corresponding carboxylic
acids efficiently under ambient conditions. In this work, we report
the oxidation of aldehydes by a mononuclear manganese(III) iodosylbenzene
complex, [MnIII(TBDAP)(OIPh)(OH)]2+ (1), with kinetic and mechanistic studies in detail. The reaction of 1 with aldehydes resulted in the formation of corresponding
carboxylic acids via a pre-equilibrium state. Hammett plot and reaction
rates of 1 with 1°-, 2°-, and 3°-aldehydes
revealed the electrophilicity of 1 in the aldehyde oxidation.
A kinetic isotope effect experiment and reactivity of 1 toward cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde (CCA) analogues indicate
that the reaction of 1 with aldehyde occurs through the
rate-determining C–H bond activation at the formyl group. The
reaction rate of 1 with CCA is correlated to the bond
dissociation energy of the formyl group plotting a linear correlation
with other aliphatic C–H bonds. Density functional theory calculations
found that 1 electrostatically interacts with CCA at
the pre-equilibrium state in which the C–H bond activation
of the formyl group is performed as the most feasible pathway. Surprisingly,
the rate-determining step is characterized as hydride transfer from
CCA to 1, affording an (oxo)methylium intermediate. At
the fundamental level, it is revealed that the hydride transfer is
composed of H atom abstraction followed by a fast electron transfer.
Catalytic reactions of aldehydes by 1 are also presented
with a broad substrate scope. This novel mechanistic study gives better
insights into the metal oxygen chemistry and would be prominently
valuable for development of transition metal catalysts.