Growing attention
toward optically active materials has prompted the development of
novel synthesis methods for a more reliable and efficient access to
these systems. In this regard, microwave-assisted approaches provide
unique advantages over traditional solvothermal methods reliant on
convectional heating: namely, significantly shorter reaction durations,
more rigid reaction conditions, and thus a higher degree of reproducibility.
Reported herein for the first time is a rapid synthesis of rare-earth
(RE3+)-doped LiYF4 upconverting and downshifting
microparticles with well-defined bipyramidal morphology and good size
dispersion via a microwave-assisted solvothermal process. The suggested
material growth mechanism identifies a suitable Li+ to
RE3+ ion ratio, an abundance of pH-sensitive acetate surface-capping
ligands, and an appropriate reaction temperature/time profile as crucial
for enabling a phase transformation of an intermediary yttrium ammonium
fluoride phase into LiYF4 and subsequent particle ripening.
The versatility of the reported method is highlighted by its extension
toward the synthesis of other state of the art M(RE)F4 (M
= alkali metal) optical materials: RE3+-doped LiYbF4 microparticles and β-NaGdF4 and α-NaYF4 nanoparticles. All of the obtained Yb3+/Er3+- and Yb3+/Tm3+-codoped M(RE)F4 materials exhibited characteristic upconversion emission,
while downshifting capabilities were induced through Ce3+/Tb3+ codoping of LiYF4. Further attention
was devoted to single-particle optical characterization via hyperspectral
imaging of Yb3+/Er3+- and Yb3+/Tm3+-codoped LiYF4 microparticles to explore the spatial
variability of upconversion emission within individual particles.