“…[2,6] To date, various synthesis approaches have been reported to successfully obtain the RE fluoride nanocrystals. [6][7][8] Most of these synthesis approaches involved the use of high-boiling organic solvents, such as oleic acid, 1-octadecene, and oleylamine. Although the colloidal nanoparticles synthesized using high-boiling organic solvents have high-quality crystallinity, narrow size distribution, and tunable shape, their hydrophobicity in nature and lack of surface functional groups (-COOH, -NH 2 , or -SH) limit their application in significant fields, such as bioassay, imaging, and therapy.…”