Synthesis, Characterization, Functionalization and Bio-Applications of Hydroxyapatite Nanomaterials: An Overview

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar to natural bone regarding composition, and its structure favors in biomedical applications. Continuous research and progress on HA nanomaterials (HA-NMs) have explored novel fabrication approaches coupled with functionalization and characterization methods. These nanomaterials have a significant role in many biomedical areas like sustained drug and gene delivery, bioimaging, magnetic resonance, cell separation, and hyperthermia treatment due to their promising biocompatibility. This review highlighted the HA-NMs chemical composition, recent progress in synthesis methods, characterization and surface modification methods, ion-doping, and role in biomedical applications. HA-NMs have a substantial role as drug delivery vehicles, coating material, bone implant, coating, ceramic, and composite materials. Here, we try to summarize an overview of HA-NMs with the provision of future directions.

Tackling current production of HAp and HAp-driven biomaterials

“…In what concerns ion-doping, sequential precipitation, substitution during precipitation, ionic exchange, solid-state mixing, and impregnation are reported techniques in which the HAp particles are first formed and then a subsequent step is implemented to introduce the doping ions. 147,148 However, the controlled introduction of foreign ions into a material during precipitation, also known as conucleation doping, is the most common approach. In this process, a solution containing precursor components is mixed with another solution containing reactants under specific conditions.…”

Application of Raman Spectroscopy for Dental Enamel Surface Characterization

“…A cluster of minerals containing phosphate is known as apatite, and Ha is known as calcium (Ca) apatite in mineral form and is the phosphate that most resembles the bone phosphate complex. Different salts of calcium phosphate (CaP) are summarized in Table 1 [23].…”

Advances and Prospects in Materials for Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction

“…As the principle inorganic component of human bone tissue, hydroxyapatite has been regarded as an applicable material for the reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects with excellent osteoconduction and osteointegration. , In view of intrinsic brittleness, hydroxyapatite is developed into composite materials as well as functional coatings. − The incorporation of HA in poly­(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix improves osteoblast response and mineralization relative to PMMA alone . Other synthetic polymers, such as poly l -lactide, polycaprolactone, and collagen, can also combine with HA, resulting in optimized mechanical features and osteogenic effects. − In order to precisely reconstruct the facial defect, a patient-specific implant (PSI), composed of poly­(trimethylene carbonate) and hydroxyapatite (osteo-PTMC) through stereolithography, was developed and subsequently examined in a large animal model .…”