Synthesis, formulation and performance evaluation of reduced sensitivity explosives

Bowden, Patrick R.; Tappan, Bryce C.; Schmitt, Matthew; Lebrun, Robert W.; Shorty, Marvin; Leonard, Philip W.; Lichthardt, Joseph P.; Francois, Elizabeth; Hill, Larry

doi:10.1063/1.5044877

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) is a furazan-based explosive that has been studied extensively as a potential insensitive high explosive (IHE), a safe explosive that is stable to most common insults. DAAF has recently been investigated for its synthesis, − physical properties, − explosive sensitivity, particle morphology, explosive properties, , and plastic-bonded formulations (PBX) . Recently, we reported drop-weight impact test data on different particle sizes of DAAF both with and without the use of grit paper .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Analysis of Ignition Sites for the Explosives 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) Using Crush Gun Impact Testing

et al. 2021

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The handling safety characteristics of energetic materials must be measured in order to ensure the safe transport and use of explosives. Drop-weight impact sensitivity measurements are one of the first standardized tests performed for energetics. They utilize a small amount of the explosive sample and a standard weight, which is dropped on the material from various heights to determine its sensitivity. While multiple laboratories have used the impact sensitivity test as an initial screening tool for explosive sensitivity for the past 60 years, variability exists due to the use of different instruments, different methods to determine the initiation, and the scatter commonly associated with less-sensitive explosives. For example, standard explosives such as 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) initiate reliably and consistently on the drop-weight impact test, whereas insensitive explosives such as 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) exhibit variability in sound levels and the expended material. Herein we investigate the impact sensitivity of DAAF and HMX along with a more detailed investigation of ignition sites using a novel “crush gun” apparatus: a pneumatically powered drop-weight tower with advanced diagnostics, including high-speed visual and infrared cameras. Using this crush gun assembly, the ignition sites in HMX and DAAF were analyzed with respect to the effects of particle size and the presence of a source of grit. The formation of ignition sites was observed in both explosives; however, only HMX showed ignition sites that propagated to a deflagration at lower firing speeds. Finally, the presence of grit particles was shown to increase the occurrence of ignition sites in DAAF at lower firing speeds, though propagation to a full reaction was not observed on the time scale of the test. These results enable a better understanding of how ignition and propagation occurs during the impact testing of DAAF.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Analysis of Ignition Sites for the Explosives 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) Using Crush Gun Impact Testing

et al. 2021

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“…Note that we recalculated the value of numeric coefficient to match the calculated output presented in original publications. 117,118 The amount of items that compiled the experimental performance data for individual compounds at maximal reported densities is as follows: 20 for the cylinder test, 20,35,98,119 17 for the cylinder T-20 test, 118,[120][121][122] 18 for plate-push M-40/M-60 tests, 118,120,121,123 and 23 for relative impulse tests. 37,38,124,125 The datasets overlap to some degree, and so have been combined.…”

Section: Metal Accelerating Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and performance of energetic materials: open dataset, tool, and implications for synthesis

2022

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“…The identity and concentration of the detonation product species have been determined for IMX-101 at 1 = 1.64 g/cm 3 using the CHEETAH 5.0 code and are shown in Table 5 [33]. The major detonation products are N 2 , H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, CH 4 and solid carbon (graphite), which are typical The densities of DNAN, NQ and NTO were taken from [35], [36] and [37], respectively. d [38].…”

Section: Detonation Properties Of Imx-101mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on IMX‐101 and IMX‐104 Melt‐Cast Explosives: Insensitive Formulations for the Next‐Generation Munition Systems

Frem¹

2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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IMX‐101 and IMX‐104 are novel insensitive melt‐pour explosives developed and produced by BAE Systems at the Holston Army Ammunition Plant (HSAAP). The U.S. Army has selected these two explosives as common low‐cost replacements for legacy explosives TNT and Composition‐B used in indirect fire weapons such as artillery and mortar munition systems. This paper will review the literature related to the properties and manufacturing processes of IMX‐101 and IMX‐104, including their physicochemical, thermal, explosive, and sensitivity properties as well as their behavior in Insensitive Munition (IM) tests specifically designed to simulate real threats and hazards faced by a munition on the battlefield. IMX‐101 has been qualified and is currently fielded in the 155 mm M795 and the 105 mm M1 rounds. IMX‐104 has been integrated into various mortar projectiles including the 60 and 81 mm rounds and is being evaluated as a main explosive charge in the next‐generation 155 mm family of ammunition, which includes the XM1128 Extended Range High Explosive round and the XM1113 Rocket Assisted Projectile (RAP).

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Synthesis, formulation and performance evaluation of reduced sensitivity explosives

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Analysis of Ignition Sites for the Explosives 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) Using Crush Gun Impact Testing

Analysis of Ignition Sites for the Explosives 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) Using Crush Gun Impact Testing

Progress and performance of energetic materials: open dataset, tool, and implications for synthesis

A Review on IMX‐101 and IMX‐104 Melt‐Cast Explosives: Insensitive Formulations for the Next‐Generation Munition Systems

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