Metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSFs)
IntroductionNowadays metallic foams become more and more important and this is confirmed by the increasing number of papers published on this topic.The "conventional" metallic foams, which contain metallic and gas phase only, have widespread literature. However there are still existing problems for example in accordance with the foaming process of the foams [1, 2]. The metallic foams have a special class which satisfies the definition of particle reinforced metal matrix composites also. These are the metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSFs). The first of them was produced in the '90s. The MMSFs have numerous perspective applications as covers, hulls, castings, or in automotive and electromechanical industry sectors because of their high energy absorbing and damping capability. In these porous materials the porosity is ensured by incorporating ceramic hollow microspheres [3]. The microspheres are commercially available and they contain mainly various oxide ceramics [4, 5]. The quality of the microspheres has a strong effect on the mechanical and other properties of the foams. The behavior of the foams has been widely studied.The most important properties of the foams are the compressive strength and the absorbed energy. Wu et al examined the effects of the microballoon size on the compressive strength. They found that smaller microspheres ensure higher compressive strength because they contain fewer flaws in their microstructure, than the larger ones. The damage propagation of the foams was also investigated. The fracture was initialized in the corners of the specimens by the shearing of the microspheres [6]. Rohatgi et al also investigated the size effect of the microspheres, but not only in the view of compressive strength, but in the view of infiltration too. Their measurements showed that the larger microspheres can be infiltrated easier [7]. Palmer et al proved that the larger microspheres contain more porosity in their wall and more flaws in their microstructure, than the smaller ones [8]. The results of the performed upsetting tests were compared to other works on this topic. The conclusions were the same [9,10]. Balch et al performed a special upsetting test. The loading was applied in small steps and after each test X-ray or neutron diffraction measurements were carried out.