Synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose and inulin catalyzed by magnetically‐recoverable Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TiO₂–HPW nanoparticles

Abstract

BACKGROUND 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important platform chemical that can be generated from biomass using catalysts and used for the production of biofuels and biobased polymers. RESULTS In this study, a novel magnetically‐recoverable catalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2−HPW) was synthesized for the first time by immobilizing H3PW12O40 (HPW) on the surfaces of SiO2 and TiO2‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. A number of techniques, including inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nitrogen (N2) adsorption–desorption analysis, were used to characterize the catalyst. Results showed that the catalyst had a porous structure and the Keggin structure of HPW on the surface of the catalyst was well‐preserved. The catalyst was then used for the syntheses of HMF from fructose and inulin using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent, and the influences of reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. Results showed that HMF yields obtained from fructose and inulin reached 83% and 54%, respectively. After reaction, the catalyst could be easily separated from reaction mixture using an external magnet, and the catalytic activity of the catalyst was well‐preserved after more than five reuses. CONCLUSION This magnetically‐recoverable catalyst is efficient not only for the syntheses of HMF from fructose and inulin, but also potentially for the one‐step production of HMF from inulin‐containing biomass, and its magnetic property may overcome the difficulty of catalyst separation from the insoluble biomass residues. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2@PDA Nanocomposite for the Degradation of Organic Materials

“…5C is related to the Ti-O-Ti bond. This is clear evidence that the TiO 2 layer was correctly formed on Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 [39]. The peaks at 1272 and 1491 cm -1 (Fig.…”

Synthesis of polypyrrole-modified Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite microspheres and their photocatalytic activity

“…A broad absorption peak between 400 cm −1 and 800 cm −1 in figure 5(C) was related to the Ti-O-Ti bond. This is clear evidence that TiO 2 layer was correctly formed on the Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 [28]. The peaks at 1196 cm −1 , 1568 cm −1 and 964 cm −1 (figures 5(D)-(F)) related with the C-N, C=C and C-H bond revealed that FST/PPy was correctly prepared [29].…”

Microporous and mesoporous structure catalysts for the production of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF)

“…As the temperature and reaction time increased, the glucose conversion increased and almost wholly converted at a higher reaction temperature or a longer reaction time 13 . However, after reaching a specific optimum reaction temperature and prolonging the reaction time, the yield of HMF will gradually decrease, which led to HMF rehydration and polymerization to generate undesired byproducts 15,28,37,38 …”

“…These catalysts include strong mineral‐acids catalysts, zeolites, metal oxides and minerals, functionalized silica materials, and heteropolyacids 21,34 . However, over the decades, homogeneous catalysts exhibit several shortcomings include the difficulties and high cost for complete‐separation and recovery process of catalysts from the product, increased risk for equipment corrosion, the generation of environmental pollution risk and these homogeneous catalysts have limited application which not suitable for broad industrial/commercial‐scale application 25,35‐42 . The simple summaries of previous studies for the catalytic conversion of HMF are summarized in Table 1 for readers to find the details readily.…”

“…21,34 However, over the decades, homogeneous catalysts exhibit several shortcomings include the difficulties and high cost for complete-separation and recovery process of catalysts from the product, increased risk for equipment corrosion, the generation of environmental pollution risk and these homogeneous catalysts have limited application which not suitable for broad industrial/commercial-scale application. 25,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] The simple summaries of previous studies for the catalytic…”