Synthesis of a red electrophosphorescent heteroleptic iridium complex and its application in efficient polymer light-emitting diodes

Zhang, Xiuju; Xu, Yang; Sun, Yiheng; Shi, Huahong; Zhu, Xu‐Hui; Cao, Yong

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2007.02.092

“…Recently, polymer light‐emitting displays (PLEDs) have been studied extensively and appeared ready for commercialization in the flat‐panel display market, which is currently dominated by the liquid‐crystal display (LCD), due to its low turn‐on voltage, high brightness, high efficiency, easy processing, and low‐cost fabrication 1–5. PLEDs are attractive due to the simplicity and low cost in fabrication in addition to the possible application for flexible displays 4–7. The electroluminescent properties of PLEDs are predominatly determined by the intrinsic character of the light‐emitting polymer, such as photoluminescence, thermal stability, film formability, and chain morphology 3–7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PLEDs are attractive due to the simplicity and low cost in fabrication in addition to the possible application for flexible displays 4–7. The electroluminescent properties of PLEDs are predominatly determined by the intrinsic character of the light‐emitting polymer, such as photoluminescence, thermal stability, film formability, and chain morphology 3–7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate‐specific antigen screening among young men in the United States

Scales¹,

Antonelli²,

Curtis³

et al. 2008

Cancer

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BACKGROUND.Disagreement exists on the use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) tests for cancer‐risk stratification in young men in the United States. Little is known about the use of PSA testing in these men. To understand policy implications of risk stratification, the authors sought to characterize PSA use among young men.METHODS.The authors used the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to study prostate‐cancer screening in a representative sample of men aged 40 years and older (n = 58,511). The primary outcome was self‐report of a PSA test in the previous year.RESULTS.Among men aged 40 to 49 years, 22.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.5‐23.5) reported having had a PSA test in the previous year, compared with 53.7% (95% CI, 52.8‐54.7; P < .001) of men aged ≥50 years. When sociodemographic characteristics were statistically controlled, young, black, non‐Hispanic men were more likely than young, white, non‐Hispanic men to report having had a PSA test in the previous year (odds ratio [OR], 2.42; 95% CI, 1.95‐3.01; P < .001). In young men, annual household income ≥$35,000 (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26‐1.78; P < .001) and an ongoing relationship with a physician (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 2.06‐3.07; P < .001) were associated with PSA testing.CONCLUSIONS.One‐fifth of young men reported having had a PSA test within the previous year. Young, black, non‐Hispanic men are more likely than young, white, non‐Hispanic men to report having had a PSA test, although screening in this high‐risk group remains suboptimal. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.

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“…Recently, polymer light‐emitting displays (PLEDs) have been studied extensively and appeared ready for commercialization in the flat‐panel display market, which is currently dominated by the liquid‐crystal display (LCD), due to its low turn‐on voltage, high brightness, high efficiency, easy processing, and low‐cost fabrication 1–5. PLEDs are attractive due to the simplicity and low cost in fabrication in addition to the possible application for flexible displays 4–7. The electroluminescent properties of PLEDs are predominatly determined by the intrinsic character of the light‐emitting polymer, such as photoluminescence, thermal stability, film formability, and chain morphology 3–7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PLEDs are attractive due to the simplicity and low cost in fabrication in addition to the possible application for flexible displays 4–7. The electroluminescent properties of PLEDs are predominatly determined by the intrinsic character of the light‐emitting polymer, such as photoluminescence, thermal stability, film formability, and chain morphology 3–7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and electroluminescent properties of polyfluorene‐based conjugated polymers containing bipolar groups

Huang

¹

,

Liaw

²

,

Hsieh

³

et al. 2009

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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A bipolar dibromo monomer, bis‐(4‐bromophenyl)[4‐(3,5‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐ triazole‐4‐yl)‐phenyl]amine (9), containing electro‐rich triphenylamine and electro‐deficient 1,2,4‐triazole moieties was newly synthesized and characterized. Two fluorescent fluorene‐based conjugated copolymers (TPAF, TPABTF) were prepared via facile Suzuki coupling from the dibromo bipolar monomer, 4,7‐dibromo‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTDZ), and 9,9‐dioctylfluorene. They were characterized by molecular weight determination, IR, NMR, DSC, TGA, solubility, absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and cyclic voltammetry. The polymers showed good solubility in common organic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and dichlorobenzene at room temperature. They had glass transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 135 °C and 5% degradation temperatures in nitrogen atmosphere were higher than 428 °C. Single layer polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLED) of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/metal showed a blue emission at 444 nm and Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) 1931 color coordinates of (0.16, 0.13) for TPAF. The device using TPABTF as emissive material showed electroluminescence at 542 nm with CIE1931 of (0.345, 0.625), low turn‐on voltage of 5 V, a maximum electroluminance of 696 cd/m2, and a peak efficiency of 2.02 cd/A. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6231–6245, 2009

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“…Electrophosphorescent LEDs based on polymers as the host materials are an important development, as they can be fabricated at room temperature by processing the materials from solution [9,10]. To date, there have been several notable investigations into various phosphorescent dyes in polymer-based OLEDs, which can be easily fabricated, and achieve efficient electrophosphorescence at low concentrations of phosphorescent dye [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%