Synthesis of Activated Carbon Composited With Egyptian Black Sand for Enhanced Adsorption Performance toward Methylene Blue Dye

Abstract

The present study reports the feasibility of the synthesis of a novel porous activated carbon (OS400) composite adsorbent prepared from olive stone and impregnated with garnet (GA) types of black sand minerals. The Activated Carbon/ garnet composite (OSMG) was applied for the sorption of macromolecular organic dye. The structural characteristics of the synthesized composite were evaluated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The specific surface area of (GA), (OS400), and (OSMG) were 5.157 m2.g− 1, 1489.598 m2.g− 1, and 546.392 m2.g− 1, respectively. The high specific surface area and effective active centers of the new composite promoted the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The experiments were carried out under various conditions such as contact time, initial concentration of adsorbate, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperatures. The equilibrium adsorption data were evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results display that, the adsorption isotherm had an excellent fitting to the Freundlich model. Furthermore, the data obtained from adsorption kinetic models showed that the pseudo-second-order model more agreeing for describing the (MB) adsorption reaction, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. The values of thermodynamic parameters indicate that methylene blue dye adsorption onto the (GA) adsorbents through an endothermic reaction, while exothermic sorption of MB onto (OS400) and (OSMG), with a non-spontaneous process.

Industrial-scale feasibility for textile wastewater treatment via Photocatalysis-adsorption technology using black sand and UV lamp

“…As explored in this study, the combination of black sand and UV lamp resulted in a notable adsorption capacity ( q max ) of 562.43 mg g −1 . In comparison, 29 a q max of 412.7 mg g −1 was reported using agricultural waste-derived biochar, while 1–4 achieved 324.2 mg g −1 with activated carbon from rice husks. The source of this data is the study itself albeit more details about the study are necessary for further interpretation.…”

“…Adsorption is advantageous due to its efficiency, versatility, and environmentally friendly nature; however, activated carbon adsorbents remain expensive. 1–4…”

“…Photocatalysis also shows promise for degrading recalcitrant dyes with metal oxide photocatalysts such as TiO 2 and ZnO demonstrating effectiveness. 3–5…”

Lignin activated carbon obtained by a environmentally friendly green production process using deep eutectic solvents

“…Therefore, lignocellulosic wastes, including cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose, have considerable advantages owing to their environmentally friendly, natural, non‐toxic natures 1,2 . In particular, lignin is among the most abundant bio‐based polymers, after cellulose and it can be obtained in high amounts (20–25 wt% of raw material) as a value‐added waste after cooking with intense acidic and alkali processes in the paper‐making industry 3,4 . The global lignin production is estimated to be around 100 million tons annually 5 .…”

“…1,2 In particular, lignin is among the most abundant bio-based polymers, after cellulose and it can be obtained in high amounts (20-25 wt% of raw material) as a value-added waste after cooking with intense acidic and alkali processes in the paper-making industry. 3,4 The global lignin production is estimated to be around 100 million tons annually. 5 The majority of lignin is either burned as a low-grade fuel or disposed of as waste, which poses environmental and economic challenges.…”