In this work, CdS nanoparticles embedded in an alumina matrix were successfully synthesized using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as the precursor and template, denoted as CdSLDH. The as‐prepared CdSLDH were characterized by XRD, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, TEM, HRTEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence and time‐resolved fluorescence spectra. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate over CdSLDH is much higher than its counterpart without the alumina matrix, that is, almost two times higher under the same conditions. The enhanced hydrogen generation performance can be attributed to the segregation and growth‐inhibiting effects of the alumina matrix. In addition, CdSLDH also displays strong fluorescence properties and a long lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers.