Synthesis of and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel TGF-β1-SF-CS three-dimensional scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

The role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in normal human fracture healing has been previously demonstrated. The objective of the present study was to examine the biocompatibility of TGF-β1-silk fibroin-chitosan (TGF-β1-SF-CS) three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds in order to construct an ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering. We added TGF-β1 directly to the SF-CS scaffold to construct a 3D scaffold for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, and performed evaluations to determine whether it may have potential applications as a growth factor delivery device. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded on the TGF-β1-SF-CS scaffolds and the silk fibroin-chitosan (SF-CS) scaffolds. On the TGF-β1-SF-CS and the SF-CS scaffolds, the cell adhesion rate increased in a time-dependent manner. Using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and analyzing the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression proved that TGF-β1 significantly enhanced the growth and proliferation of BMSCs on the SF-CS scaffolds in a time-dependent manner. To examine the in vivo biocompatibility and osteogenesis of the TGF-β1-SF-CS scaffolds, the TGF-β1-SF-CS scaffolds and the SF-CS scaffolds were implanted in rabbit mandibles and studied histologically and microradiographically. The 3D computed tomography (CT) scan and histological examinations of the samples showed that the TGF-β1-SF-CS scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility and extensive osteoconductivity with the host bone after 8 weeks. Moreover, the introduction of TGF-β1 to the SF-CS scaffolds markedly enhanced the efficiency of new bone formation, and this was confirmed using bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical evaluation, particularly at 8 weeks after implantation. We demonstrated that the TGF-β1-SF-CS scaffolds possessed as good biocompatibility and osteogenesis as the hybrid ones. Taken together, these findings indicate that the TGF-β1-SF-CS scaffolds fulfilled the basic requirements of bone tissue engineering, and have the potential to be applied in orthopedic, reconstructive and maxillofacial surgery. Thus, TGF-β1-SF-CS composite scaffolds represent a promising, novel type of scaffold for use in bone tissue engineering.

Acceleration of Bone Regeneration in Critical-Size Defect Using BMP-9-Loaded nHA/ColI/MWCNTs Scaffolds Seeded with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…The solutions were poured into Teflon culture plates and lyophilized (Alpha 1-2 LD plus, Christ, Germany) for 72 h to obtain nHACM scaffolds. After a series of scaffold evaluations, BMP-9 (500ng/ml) was loaded into the scaffolds when the solution was stirred before freeze drying [23, 24] (Supplementary Figure A). We found that the most appropriate proportion of MWCNTs was 1% for bone tissue engineering in a preliminary experiment (Supplementary Figure B).…”

Biocompatible Gels of Chitosan–Buriti Oil for Potential Wound Healing Applications

“…Macroscopic analysis of mice skin lesions, treatment using saline (negative control), collagenase (ABBOTT, Chicago, IL, USA) (positive control), pure gels, and oil-associated gel revealed the evolution of wound tissue repair with hemorrhage in the treated groups with SF, PC, and CG on the third and seventh day of treatment. This is detrimental to healing because it can compromise cell proliferation and promote bacterial growth [44,45].…”

Fabrication of biocompatible porous scaffolds based on hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan composite for restoration of defected maxillofacial mandible bone

“…Allografting could overcome these limitations, but it is associated with the risk of infectious diseases, an insufficient number of donors and high costs (Greenwald et al 2012). Recombinant growth factors, cell-based engineered bone substitutes and commercial scaffolds are sophisticated alternatives which are widely accepted in the developed world but are too expensive for patients in the low-income countries (Mao and Mooney 2015; Tollemar et al 2016; Tong et al 2016a, b). Recently, the interest in the development of scaffolds from naturally available and low-cost bioactive materials has increased significantly (Baino et al 2015; Yi et al 2016).…”