Synthesis of Animal Fats Ethylolamides, Ethylolamide Phosphates and Their Petroleum‐Collecting and Dispersing Properties

Abstract

Ethylolamides of animal (beef and mutton) fats have been synthesized and modified with H 3 PO 4 . The identity of these products was confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The physical properties of the synthesized surfactants including interfacial tension and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were studied. From these measurements, the maximum surface excess concentration and the minimum area per molecule at the kerosene solution/water interface, the surface pressure at the CMC, and the standard thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization were calculated. Ethylolamides and ethylolamide phosphates were obtained and tested as petroleum-collecting and petroleum-dispersing reagents. Some correlations between these parameters of the ethylol units and their ability to collect thin petroleum films from the water surface were revealed.

Interfacially Active Hydroxylated Soybean Lecithin Dispersant for Crude Oil Spill Remediation

“…The surface excess concentration (Γ), which depicts the concentration of surfactant at the interface, can be calculated from interfacial tension data by using the following equation: where R is the universal gas constant (J/mol K), C is the surfactant concentration, γ is the surface or interfacial tension, and is the slope of the plot of γ versus ln C at constant temperature ( T ). The surface excess concentration at surface saturation (Γ max ) can readily be found, and it is a useful measure of the effectiveness of surfactant adsorption at the liquid–gas or liquid–liquid interface since it is the maximum surfactant adsorption value that can be attained …”

“…Different studies have, therefore, been conducted to find alternative oil spill dispersants. − Replacing petrochemical surfactants with less toxic animal and plant derived surfactants would minimize the environmental impact of surfactant containing products . Animal based surfactants such as di- and monoethanolamide fats, which are derived from beef, mutton, and fish oil, have proven promising in dispersing crude oil on laboratory scale. , Cactus mucilage, an extract from Opuntia ficus-indica , is able to disperse a crude oil slick as well as absorb it while remaining afloat…”

Construction, petro-collecting/dispersing capacities, antimicrobial activity, and molecular docking study of new cationic surfactant-sulfonamide conjugates

“…To overcome this problem, many solutions including colloid-chemical methods were utilized to remove such thin oil films through the application of petro-collecting and petro-dispersing agents [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] . Surfactants, especially conventional and gemini-cationic surfactants, are proven to be the most efficient dispersing and collecting materials for cleaning the water surface from petroleum thin films produced in stages of oil processing [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] . Another accompanying issue is the development of microbes during petroleum processing.…”

Synthesis and Characteristics of Dodecyl Isopropylolamine and Derived Surfactants

“…As the synthesized surfactant has petrocollecting and petrodispersing properties, it is possible to obtain more effective petrocollecting and petrodispersing reagents by changing a polar group structure. Creation of effective petrocollecting and petrodispersing surfactants is one of the most impactful applications for surfactants now [4,13,14].…”