Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles via solid state reduction of iron oxide nanoparticles

Bystrzejewski, M.

doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2011.04.018

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It had been previously reported that several Fe-containing phases including BCC Fe, Fe 3 O 4 , FeO and Fe 0.96 O (non-stoichiometric FeO) were found as reaction products of α-Fe 2 O 3 (70 wt.% of the overall sample) and carbon black/carbon nanoparticles/graphite powders (30 wt.% of the overall sample) at 1000°C for 3 h in N 2 gas [29]. Since the LPCVD reaction in our experiments was not interrupted at shorter time intervals, it is unclear whether the reduction mechanism of Fe 2 O 3 includes magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and wustite (FeO) transition phases prior to fully reduced BCC Fe.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the reported literature, the utilized steps for obtaining only CEMNPs free of non-encapsulated ones contained a conventional method of overnight HCl leaching (which dissolves Fe and Fe oxides) and removal of leaching solution by sonication, centrifugation, decantation, washing and drying [17–19,28,29,32,36,39]. In the present study, purification was conducted primarily to remove possible stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric iron oxides which were not completely reduced during LPCVD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods such as carbon arc discharge [9,24–26], solid-state synthesis from iron chelates under H 2 /N 2 /O 2 flows [15], flame spray synthesis [27], pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation [4], mechanically activated annealing [10], radio frequency (RF) thermal plasma jet method [18,19,28], solid-state carbothermal reduction [29], spray pyrolysis [30], arc plasma and combustion synthesis/explosion [31,32], microwave-arcing-induced synthesis [33], autoclave synthesis [34], ion-beam sputtering [35] and hydrothermal reaction [36] have been used starting from various raw materials. The carbon encapsulant could be in the amorphous or graphitic form, depending on the source, reaction temperature and interaction of carbon and core starting materials [24–36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a mandatory purification step containing leaching (e.g. in hot HCl solution), filtering, washing (with distilled water and/or ethanol) and drying treatments is conducted to remove the non-encapsulated particles [17–19,28,29,32,36]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and characterization of graphite-encapsulated iron nanoparticles from ball milling-assisted low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

Ağaoğulları

Madsen

Ögüt

et al. 2017

Carbon

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Graphite-encapsulated Fe nanoparticles were synthesized using a combined method of high-energy ball milling and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Fe2O3 and graphite powders were milled to increase their surface areas and obtain a more homogeneous distribution. LPCVD was performed at a pressure of ~0.57 Torr in a tube furnace under a CH4/H2 atmosphere at 1050°C for 1 and 3 h. As-synthesized samples were purified in a 2 M HF solution. Characterization was performed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and alternating gradient magnetometry (AGM). XRD revealed the presence of body centered cubic (BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC) Fe phases without residual iron oxides. SEM confirmed the powders were better mixed and smaller after ball milling compared to mortar and pestle milled powders. High resolution TEM showed all nanoparticles had at least four and on average 16 graphitic layers, around an Fe core ranging from 20–300 nm. Magnetic measurements indicated that nanoparticles exhibit soft ferromagnetic behavior with low saturation magnetization (17–21 emu/g) and coercivity (110 Oe). A chemical stability test performed in a 2 M HCl solution showed that graphitic shells did not degrade, nor was there evidence of core dissolution or shell discontinuity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and characterization of graphite-encapsulated iron nanoparticles from ball milling-assisted low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

Ağaoğulları

Madsen

Ögüt

et al. 2017

Carbon

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“…To date, various methods have been proposed for the fabrication of carbon-encapsulated magnetic metal nanoparticles (CEMMNP), including arc discharge methods [10], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [11], carbothermal reduction methods [12], detonation methods [13], laser ablation techniques [14], thermal radio frequency plasma technique [15], magnetron and ion-beam co-sputtering [16], pyrolysis of organometallic compounds [17], catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons [18] and hydrothermal solution method [3], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of Fe/C core–shell nanoparticles

Cao

Zhi

et al. 2012

Materials Letters

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Iron Nanoparticles for Water Treatment: Is the Future Free or Fixed?

Tesh

Scott

2016

Iron Oxides

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As global populations continue to increase, the pressure on water supplies will inevitably intensify. Consequently the international need for more efficient and cost effective water remediation technologies will also rise. The introduction of nano-technology into the industry may represent a significant advancement and zero-valent iron nano-particles (INPs) have been thoroughly studied for potential remediation applications.These nano-scale particles with metallic cores and oxide surfaces show broad applicability for treatment of both toxic organic compounds and heavy metals. However, the application of water dispersed INP suspensions is limited and somewhat contentious on the grounds of safety, whilst INP reaction mechanisms, oxide-fluid interactions, transport properties and ecotoxicity are areas still under investigation. Theoretically, the development of nano-composites containing INPs, or the less reactive iron oxide nano-particles (IONPs), to overcome these issues provides the logical next step for developing nano-materials that are better suited to wide application across the water industry. This chapter provides a thorough insight into the pros and cons of both mobile, dispersed INPs and static, bulk nano-composites; discussing the evolution of nano-technology for water treatment and the diverse range of products being developed whilst highlighting the limitations of individual solutions, overall classes of technology, and lack of comparative testing. The chapter discusses what further developments are needed to optimise remediation systems to subsequently achieve commercial maturity.

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Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles via solid state reduction of iron oxide nanoparticles

Cited by 41 publications

References 26 publications

Synthesis and characterization of graphite-encapsulated iron nanoparticles from ball milling-assisted low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

Synthesis and characterization of graphite-encapsulated iron nanoparticles from ball milling-assisted low-pressure chemical vapor deposition

Synthesis and characterization of Fe/C core–shell nanoparticles

Iron Nanoparticles for Water Treatment: Is the Future Free or Fixed?

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