Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery

Abstract

Given the great potential of porous carrier-based drug delivery for stabilising the amorphous form of drugs and enhancing dissolution profiles, this work is focussed on the synthesis and application of carbon onion or onion-like carbon (OLC) as a porous carrier for oral amorphous drug delivery, using paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model drugs. Annealing of nanodiamonds at 1100 • C produced OLC with a diamond core that exhibited low cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Solution adsorption followed by centrifugation was used for drug loading and results indicated that the initial concentration of drug in the loading solution needs to be kept below 11.5% PA and 20.7% IBU to achieve complete amorphous loading. Also, no chemical interactions between the drug and OLC could be detected, indicating the safety of loading into OLC without changing the chemical nature of the drug. Drug release was complete in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and was faster compared to the pure crystalline drug, indicating the potential of OLC as an amorphous drug carrier.

Drug Delivery With Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Versatile Nanocarriers: Progress and Prospects

“…Ex-vivo mouse skin model represented the successful transdermal delivery of the nanocomposite hydrogel. The excellent drug loading efficiency of CNOs has been reported for several drugs like DOX (Mamidi et al, 2020), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (Mamidi et al, 2019), ibuprofen, and paracetamol (Miriyala et al, 2020). The large surface area, porosity, drug molecules-CNOs interaction (π-π stacking), and attachment with polymer matrix increase the loading efficiency of CNOs.…”

Carbon nano-onions as potential nanocarriers for drug delivery

“…32,33 In fact, one of the most recent applications of CNOs under investigation, is their use in nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems. [34][35][36][37][38][39] The recent interest in utilising CNOs as a nanocarrier arises from numerous benefits this curious CNM offers over other drug delivery systems. The most substantial of which include its biocompatibility, which has been revealed through numerous in vitro, in vivo & ex vivo studies.…”

“…29,49,50,[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Moreover, in the recent years, an increasing interest has been observed in utilising non-covalent functionalisation for drug delivery related applications. 37,38 As the primary function of a nanocarrier is to deliver and release a drug payload at the target site, one must consider an appropriate approach for appending the drug onto the nanomaterial surface.…”

“…3. 38 In terms of surface loading, the drug of interest can be coupled onto a CNO nanocarrier either through non-covalent means or covalently, using a linker (Fig. 2).…”

Application of carbon allotropes composites for targeted cancer therapy drugs: A review

“…Within a live body, nanoparticles comprising carbon allotropes have a distinct behavior, distribution pathway, and toxicity [36,37]. Some of these carbon allotropes show extremely photothermal impacts due to their capability to absorb the near-infrared radiation (NIR), a feature that can be applied to the in situ killing of cancer cells in a short time [38,39]. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of using carbon allotropes in cancer theranostics.…”