Synthesis of CCs and CFOAs by manipulation of VFs and CFs

Synthesis of VFs and CFs by Manipulation of Generic Cells

“…7(a) and (b), respectively. Recall that there are 81 different topologies to add norators or nullators, and also there are several combinations to add the biasing circuitry [3]. Furthermore, one is able to search on all realisations for VFs and CFs, whose performance depends on the biasing and sizing of the transistors.…”

“…However, neither the nullators nor the norators must exist alone, they must exist in a pair to have a physical meaning. Furthermore, at the transistor level of abstraction, all pairs should be joined to be synthesized by either BJTs or MOSFETs [3]. To form joined pairs, norators are added to nullators and viceversa.…”

“…By using the nullator and norator properties it is possible to model the behavior of near all active devices independently of their particular realization [2][3][4]. This means that by combining nullators and norators, many circuit topologies arises, from which the best practical ones can be further selected according to their performance.…”

“…On one hand, many novel applications in analogue signal processing are based on universal active devices [2][3][4][5][6][7], such as current conveyors (CCs) and current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs). On the other hand, both CCs and CFOAs can be designed by superimposing or making cascade connections of voltage followers (VFs) and current followers (CFs) [3], which are considered herein as generic cells.…”

“…Nowadays, circuit synthesis is making significant impact in analogue design automation (ADA) [1][2][3], by exploring on the search of all circuit topologies to generate generic cells suitable to improve analogue designs. On one hand, many novel applications in analogue signal processing are based on universal active devices [2][3][4][5][6][7], such as current conveyors (CCs) and current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs).…”