Synthesis of ceramic tubular membrane from low‐cost clay precursors for blood purification application as substitute of commercial dialysis membrane

Abstract

Background There has been a surge of interest in the preparation of membranes for clinical applications, chiefly for hemodialysis and hemofiltration. Despite numerous benefits, the exploitation of polymeric materials for dialysis membrane preparation remains unsatisfactory due to lack of proper physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Therefore, this work focuses on the preparation of a ceramic membrane in a tubular configuration using an extrusion method and a clay material mixture. The biocompatibility of the membrane as well as its structural properties were studied. Results The porosity, permeability and pore size of the membrane were 39 ± 0.88%, 203 ± 0.51 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and 304 ± 1.20 nm, respectively. The corrosion tolerance of the membrane was found to be better in acidic, alkaline and chlorine solutions. The protein adsorption, hemolysis and platelet adhesion were 2.1 ± 0.03 μg cm−2, 1.02 ± 0.01% and 6856 ± 84 platelets mm−2, respectively. The membrane demonstrated a prolonged blood coagulation time (PT = 18 ± 0.33 s and APTT = 70 ± 0.57 s), a 171 ± 0.57 s whole blood clotting time and complement activation of 805 ± 1.3 mg L−1 for C3 and 247.3 ± 0.98 mg L−1 for C4. During synthetic blood filtration, the membrane had sieving coefficients of 0.98 ± 0.005, 0.97 ± 0.008 and 0.93 ± 0.005 for creatinine, urea and phosphate, respectively. Finally, the membrane revealed a protein rejection of about 56 ± 0.57%. Conclusions The overall findings indicated that the prepared tubular membrane with excellent biocompatibility and uremic toxin removal can be used for hemofiltration application as an alternative to hemodialysis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Electrostatic Repulsive Features of Free-Standing Titanium Dioxide Nanotube-Based Membranes in Biofiltration Applications

“…6,7 Synchronously, less allergic, less cloggable, and more biocompatible ceramic membranes and clay mixtures have also been investigated as alternative materials for polymer and polymer-based composites. 8,9 With increasing progress in the development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology, the volume and weight of the blood filtration systems are drastically reduced, and the patient's life quality has increased after the emergence of artificial kidneys (AKs). 10−13 These microblood purification (hemodialysis and/or ultrafiltration) devices reinforce dysfunctional kidneys by maintaining proper GFR without any obstacle to a patient to move independently.…”

“…During the last 15 years, the number of patients struggling with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased, although most reasons of CKD, such as genetics and smoking habits, are well known and shared with the community. − Unlike acute kidney disease, a definitive treatment has not been found yet for CKD, considering that conventional devices reduce a patient’s daily activities and comfort. , Although high-flux hemodialysis machines are extremely efficient in shortening a patient’s hospital retention time by assisting in increasing the reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) due to CKD, mechanically stable polymeric membranes inside the dialyzers may cause allergic reactions during operation. Therefore, scientists are still researching to enhance the biocompatibility and antibacterial behavior of polymeric hemodialysis membranes. , Synchronously, less allergic, less cloggable, and more biocompatible ceramic membranes and clay mixtures have also been investigated as alternative materials for polymer and polymer-based composites. , …”