Synthesis of Chitosan/Diatomite Composite as an Advanced Delivery System for Ibuprofen Drug; Equilibrium Studies and the Release Profile

Abstract

Chitosan/diatomite nanocomposite (CS/D) was synthesized as a low-cost and highly porous structure of enhanced physicochemical properties to be applied as advanced carriers for ibuprofen drug (IB). The loading properties of CS/D were studied in comparison to diatomite as a separated phase and achieved a loading capacity of 562.6 mg/g. The loading reactions of IB into CS/D show pseudo-second-order kinetic behavior and Langmuir isotherm properties. This demonstrates homogeneous loading processes in monolayer forms and controlled essentially by physical mechanisms. This was confirmed by the calculated Gaussian energy (7.7 kJ/mol (D) and 7.9 kJ/mol (CS/D)) in addition to the thermodynamic parameters. The thermodynamic behavior for the IB loading process is related to spontaneous, favorable, and exothermic reactions. The CS/D composite is of promising IB release profile that extended to about 200 h with a maximum release of 91.5% at the gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and 97.3% in the intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). The IB release rate from CS/D can be controlled based on the ratio of the integrated chitosan in the composite. The IB release reactions from CS/D follow the assumption of Korsmeyer−Peppas kinetics with determined values for the diffusion exponent reflects complex diffusion and erosion as the affected mechanisms during the IB release process.

Fabrication of Chitosan Nanofibers Containing Some Steroidal Compounds as a Drug Delivery System

“…The first stage displayed a strong increase in release rate due to the accessibility of open pores inside the fabricated fibers. This was followed by the second stage, i.e., a slight increase in drug concentration and steady release rates as the number of the free active sites increased with time [ 39 ].…”

Synthesis and characterization of Fe0@chitosan/cellulose biocompatible composites from natural resources as advanced carriers for ibuprofen drug: reaction kinetics and equilibrium

“…8 It has a significant negative effect on the gastric mucus and reduces its resistance to acidic conditions in addition to its side effects on gastric and mucosal protective agents. 9 The interested researchers did their best to develop a new effective drug delivery system to enhance the release percentage, solubility, stability, bio-distribution properties, and specificity of the drug. 9,10 This can reduce its hazardous side effects, improve therapeutic efficiency, and enhance patient compliance.…”

“…9 The interested researchers did their best to develop a new effective drug delivery system to enhance the release percentage, solubility, stability, bio-distribution properties, and specificity of the drug. 9,10 This can reduce its hazardous side effects, improve therapeutic efficiency, and enhance patient compliance. 8,10,11 The properties recommended for effective carriers are significant biocompatibility, chemical inertness, mechanical strength, and high loading capacities in addition to the low fabrication cost.…”

Adsorption of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Alginate-Carbon Composites—Equilibrium and Kinetics

“…Recently, among the above mentioned, alginates and chitosan are the most widely used. Current literature data indicate numerous possible applications of chitosan-based hydrogels, primarily as drug delivery systems [ 20 , 21 , 22 ] and effective adsorbents in the processes of purifying water from contaminants, especially metal ions [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], dyes [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], and drugs [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. It should be included, however, that chitosan is less chemically stable than alginate [ 14 ].…”