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Engineering cost‐effective catalysts with exceptional performance for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains crucial for the accelerated development of renewable energy techniques, and especially so, given the pivotal role of OER in water electrolysis. On the basis of the metal nodes (clusters) and organic linkers, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are rapidly gaining ground in the fabrication of electrocatalysts, with promising catalytic activity and sound durability in OER, thanks to their controllable pore structures, abundant unsaturated active sites of metal ion, extensive specific surface area, as well as easily functionalized/modified surfaces. This review presents an in‐depth understanding of the established progress of MOFs‐derived materials for OER electrocatalysis. The material designing strategies of the pristine, monometallic, and multimetallic MOFs‐based catalysts are summarized to indicate the infinite possibilities of the morphology and the composition of MOF‐derived materials. While emphasis is laid on the essential features of MOF‐derived materials for the electrocatalysis of the corresponding reactions, insights about the applications in OER are discussed. Finally, this paper is concluded by presenting challenges and perspectives for MOF‐derived materials’ future applications in OER electrocatalysis.
Engineering cost‐effective catalysts with exceptional performance for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains crucial for the accelerated development of renewable energy techniques, and especially so, given the pivotal role of OER in water electrolysis. On the basis of the metal nodes (clusters) and organic linkers, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are rapidly gaining ground in the fabrication of electrocatalysts, with promising catalytic activity and sound durability in OER, thanks to their controllable pore structures, abundant unsaturated active sites of metal ion, extensive specific surface area, as well as easily functionalized/modified surfaces. This review presents an in‐depth understanding of the established progress of MOFs‐derived materials for OER electrocatalysis. The material designing strategies of the pristine, monometallic, and multimetallic MOFs‐based catalysts are summarized to indicate the infinite possibilities of the morphology and the composition of MOF‐derived materials. While emphasis is laid on the essential features of MOF‐derived materials for the electrocatalysis of the corresponding reactions, insights about the applications in OER are discussed. Finally, this paper is concluded by presenting challenges and perspectives for MOF‐derived materials’ future applications in OER electrocatalysis.
Electrocatalytic water-splitting has gained a firm hold in the area of renewable hydrogen production owing to its integrative compatibility with intermittent energy sources. However, wide-scale implementation of this technology demands discovery of new electrode materials that strike a good balance between efficiency, stability, and cost. In the pool of inexpensive electrodes capable of catalyzing hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, metal borides/ borates have made a big splash in the last decade. However, the research in this family of electrocatalysts remains unorganized owing to the diversity of reports. This review summarizes the past and present research progress in metal borides/borates for electrocatalytic water-splitting. The fundamental reasons for electrochemical behavior in different metal borides/borates are highlighted here, also including some comments regarding erroneous practices in the performance evaluation of metal borides/borates. Various strategies used to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of metal borides/borates are discussed in detail. Different methods evolved over the years for the synthesis of metal borides/ borates are also discussed. Finally, an assessment of the commercial viability of metal borides/borates is made and future research directions are suggested. multimetal oxides, [18,19] layered double hydroxides, [20] oxyhydroxides, [21] and perovskites. [13,18] In addition to these, there has been the family of transition-metal borides/borates that have garnered enormous interest in the recent past. Though transition-metal borides (TMBs) have been used for water electrolysis since many decades, they were not really seen as potential candidates to replace noble metal catalysts, until recently. Indeed, in 2009, the group of Daniel Nocera reported in situ formed Co [22] and Ni [23] borates as analogous catalysts to Co phosphate, [24] for near-neutral water-splitting. Later, the groups of Hu [25] and Patel [26] reported development of Mo boride and Co boride, respectively, for electrocatalytic water splitting. Following these reports, transition-metal borides/ borates [27][28][29][30][31][32] were developed using various techniques and were used extensively for water-splitting reactions, in different pH solutions. Here, we would like to inform the readers that usually boron-based catalysts that are developed in situ using electrodeposition are referred to as "borates" (denoted as M-B i , M = metal) while those catalysts prepared by any other technique are referred to as "borides" (denoted as M-B). Over the past 5-6 years, a lot of studies have been carried out on borides/borates with remarkable results, presenting new possibilities in search for non-noble electrocatalysts. The electrochemical performance, stability and other important properties of all the metal borides reported so far are enlisted in Table 1 while that of metal borates are listed in Table 2. However, there are a lot of aspects that are not yet understood completely about borides/borates. For instance, the o...
production, especially for hydroelectricity, sunlight, and wind energy, which cannot be gathered or released when they are needed. [5][6][7][8] Electrochemical energy storage devices provide a promising approach for the storage of electric energy from these sources. [9][10][11] Currently, carbonaceous materials have attracted much interest for their extensive applications including adsorption, [12] catalysis, [13] batteries, [14] fuel cells, [15,16] supercapacitors, [17,18] and drug delivery and imaging. [19] In addition, some sensors are also one of the important applications of carbonaceous materials, because they are closely related to human health. [20,21] For instance, Emran and co-workers [22] constructed ultrasensitive biosensors with N-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC)-based electrodes for in vitro monitoring of DA released from living cells. With the further study of the experiment, they also designed a series of S-doped carbon materials for a wider detection of DA, UA (uric acid), and AA (ascorbic acid). [23,24] The advantages of easy preparing, nontoxic and excellent electrical conductivity of carbonaceous materials, which are rare among energy storage materials, make carbonaceous materials superior to most of the energy storage materials. [25][26][27] There are varieties of approaches for the preparation of carbon materials, such as directly carbonizing from organic precursors, physically or chemically carbonizing from carbon, template methods using zeolites and mesoporous silica, solvothermal and hydrothermal methods with elevated temperature, the electrical arc methods, and chemical vapor decomposition (CVD) methods. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Among all these approaches, directly carbonizing from organic precursors is the most frequently used method to prepare nanoporous carbons (NPCs) due to its flexibility and simplicity. [35][36][37] However, these NPC materials present certain drawbacks, such as low surface areas, disordered structures, and ununiformed sizes, which will greatly limit their applications. [25] As studies have progressed, researchers found that carbon materials derived from metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) could overcome these limitations.Metal-organic frameworks, which are also named porous coordination polymers (PCPs), are crystalline porous materials with periodic network structures formed by metal ions (or metal clusters) and organic ligands. [38][39][40][41][42] They are usually prepared by solvothermal methods and used as precursors or templates to form nanostructured materials. [43][44][45] So far, many researchers have highlighted the advantages of MOFs. For Carbon materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in the field of scientific research in recent years because of their advantages of excellent electron conductivity, high porosity, and diverse applications. Tremendous efforts are devoted to improving their chemical and physical properties, including optimizing the morphology and structure of the carbon materials, compositing them wi...
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