“…In this regard, the material is modified in various ways: by creating a heterostructure, doping with metal ions, annealing in atmospheres of air, hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, etc. [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] to create atomic defects and surface states capable to capture photons with lower energy. One of the instruments for study such states is the surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), which allows a non-contact, non-destructive and highly sensitive way to determine the electronic features in surface of solids and can be used to analyze charges separation and transfer in the mechanisms of photocatalysis, dye sensitization, etc.…”