Synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanomaterials by electrical discharges in water with various electrical conductivities

Glad, X.; Profili, Jacopo; Suk, Min; Hamdan, Ahmad

doi:10.1063/1.5129647

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The SAED pattern and resulting radially integrated spectrum of these agglomerates presented interplanar distances corresponding to Cu 2 O crystals as well as Cu ( d (111) = 2.09 Å and d (200) = 1.81 Å) ( Figure 9 b). This indicates that the nanoparticles were not oxidized (if oxidized, a shift in d towards smaller values is usually observed [ 22 , 25 ]). Knowing that Cu can be easily oxidized in water or upon exposure to ambient air, one may assume that the synthesized Cu nanoparticles were embedded in a matrix of Cu 2 O nanowires, which may protect Cu particles from oxidation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their SAED patterns show concentric circles with radii corresponding to specific interplanar distances, d hkl , which allow the determination of their crystalline structure. Herein, we used a previously developed method [ 22 , 24 ] to transform the SAED pattern into a radially integrated spectrum where each peak corresponds to the sum of the different diffraction spot at fixed d hkl values (i.e., fixed radius from the non-diffracted beam, in the reciprocal space). The peaks identified in Figure 8 b thus suggest that the nanowires are composed of Cu 2 O crystals ( d (110) = 3.012 Å, d (111) = 2.464 Å, d (200) = 2.136 Å, d (220) = 1.510 Å, d (311) = 1.287 Å, and d (222) = 1.232 Å).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for the nanoflakes, their absence under electric-field-only conditions is to be expected. Indeed, they are supposed to be synthesized by the removal of an oxidized film at the electrode surface due to the discharge-induced shockwave [ 22 ]. In conditions enabling discharges, UMA and dendrites were observed, but not in electric field-only conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, we had investigated the formation of Cu-based nanomaterials by electrical discharges in water with various electrical conductivity (adjusted by adding HCl to deionized water at very low concentration) [ 22 ]. Depending on the initial conductivity value, various nanostructures were observed, including nanoflakes of Cu 2 O, dendrites with high Cu content, and unordered micrometric aggregates with a mixed Cu/Cu 2 O content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

2020

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Nanomaterial synthesis is a hot research subject that has been extensively studied in the last two decades. Recently, plasmas in liquid systems have been proposed as an efficient means of synthesizing various types of nanomaterials. The formation processes implicate many physical and chemical phenomena that take place at the electrode surface, as well as in the plasma volume, which renders it difficult to fully understand the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we assess the effect of electric field on nanomaterial synthesis in a system composed of two copper electrodes immersed in water, in the absence of an electrical discharge. The obtained results indicate that various nanostructures, including copper nanoparticles, copper oxide nanowires, and/or hollow nanoparticles, may be produced, depending on the electrical conductivity of the solution (adjusted by adding highly diluted HCl to deionized water). The materials synthesized herein are collected and characterized, and a formation mechanism is proposed. Overall, our results provide insight into the physical and chemical phenomena underlying nanomaterial synthesis in plasmas in liquid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

2020

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“…or the liquid solution (e.g., heptane 6 and other liquid hydrocarbons (HCs) 7 , liquid nitrogen 5 ). Using copper electrodes in water, Glad et al 8 synthesized various Cu-based nanostructures whose oxygen content can be controlled by adjusting (adding HCl) the electrical conductivity of water. Other studies have demonstrated that discharges between metal electrodes in HC liquids can produce nanocomposite materials such as metal nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous matrix 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of core–shell copper–graphite submicronic particles and carbon nano-onions by spark discharges in liquid hydrocarbons

Glad

Gorry

Suk

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Spark discharge in hydrocarbon liquids is considered a promising method for the synthesis of various nanomaterials, including nanocomposites. In this study, copper–carbon particles were synthesized by generating spark discharges between two Cu electrodes immersed in heptane, cyclohexane, or toluene. The synthesized particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. Overall, two families of particles were observed: Cu particles (diameter < 10 nm) embedded in a carbon matrix and submicrometric Cu particles encapsulated in a carbon shell. The obtained results indicate that the size distribution of the Cu nanoparticles and the degree of graphitization of the carbon matrix depend on the liquid. Indeed, discharges in heptane lead to Cu particles with diameters of 2–6 nm embedded in a carbon matrix of low graphitization degree, while discharges in toluene result in particles with diameters of 2–14 nm embedded in carbon matrix of high graphitization degree. Based on the obtained experimental results, it is proposed that the Cu nanoparticles are produced in the plasma core where Cu (evaporated from the electrode surface) and carbonaceous species (decomposition of the liquid) are present. When the plasma hits the electrode surface, hot (thousands of Kelvin) Cu particles are ejected from the electrode, and they propagate in the liquid. The propagation of the hot particles in the liquid results in the local evaporation of this liquid, which leads to the formation of a C-shell around each Cu particle. In few cases where the shape of the Cu particle is not spherical, carbon nanoonions are detected between the C-shell and the Cu core. These nanoonions are supposedly formed under the effect of the fluid vortices generated close to the particle surfaces when these latter are ejected into the liquid.

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Scenario of carbon‐encapsulated particle synthesis by spark discharges in liquid hydrocarbons

Hamdan

Liu

2021

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Discharges in liquid hydrocarbons produce submicrometric particles with a graphitic shell. In this study, discharges are generated between two Cu electrodes immersed in various liquid hydrocarbons, and the produced particles are characterized by various techniques. The obtained results indicate that the thickness of the particle shell increases with increasing particle size; for instance, it is ~4 nm for small particles (~25 nm) and ~30 nm for large particles (~1 µm). Such variation in shell thickness is attributed to variations in the thermal properties of different‐size particles. On the basis of qualitative analysis, we assume that shell growth is induced by local pyrolysis (or pyrolysis‐like process) of the liquid hydrocarbon due to the ejection of hot particles from the electrodes.

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Synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanomaterials by electrical discharges in water with various electrical conductivities

Abstract: Nano-second temporal particle behavior in high-power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge in a cylindrical cathode

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

Synthesis of core–shell copper–graphite submicronic particles and carbon nano-onions by spark discharges in liquid hydrocarbons

Scenario of carbon‐encapsulated particle synthesis by spark discharges in liquid hydrocarbons

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