Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles
with tunable size and desirable
properties is a foremost thrust area of the biomedical research domain.
Though these features primarily rely on the synthetic approaches involved,
with advancements in this area, it has been documented that the synthesis
parameters and surface modifiers have a direct impact on the morphology
and eventually on the biomedical properties. “Sensing”
remains a major application of nanomaterials owing to their small
size and unusual physicochemical properties, but in the past few years,
a paradigm shift has occurred toward “theranostic” combination
of the sensing and therapeutic features on a single platform. Copper
oxide nanoparticles have been efficiently used for sensing and targeting
in both in-vivo and in-vitro environments,
although few key challenges are yet to be resolved before implementing
at a commercial level. This review article attempts to summarize the
recent advancements in the various synthetic approaches toward copper
oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. It highlights
various synthetic methodologies including electrochemical, chemical,
and biogenic methods, the role of surface modifiers in growth mechanisms,
and their impact on biomedical applications. Finally, the current
status, key challenges, and future perspective of copper oxide nanoparticles
will be discussed that inevitably have an impact on their current
and future scenarios.