Synthesis of diethyl carbonate by catalytic alcoholysis of urea

Wang, Dongpeng; Yang, Bolun; Zhai, Xiaowei; Zhou, Leigao

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.04.003

Cited by 98 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These results are consistent with previous studies on urea ethanolysis to DEC synthesis. [34] Almost the same trend was found for equilibrium conversion as that for equilibrium constant for the DMC route and urea route. Analysis of the CO 2 route shows the reaction to be favourable at high temperatures as reported earlier.…”

Section: Effect Of Temperature On Equilibrium Constants and Equilibrisupporting

confidence: 64%

“…[38] Even in the case of urea route, it is always desirable to purge the ammonia out of the system so as to get maximum yield of DEC, which can be observed from the table, where an increase in pressure results in lowering of the equilibrium constant. [34] …”

Section: Effect Of Pressure On Chemical Equilibriummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EEC reacts with ethanol to give DEC in the second step. [34,39] The main rate determining step is the second step in which EEC reacts with ethanol to give DEC. The second step, involving adsorption of EEC and ethanol at catalyst surface requires a mildly basic catalyst which has been reported in past studies as well.…”

Section: Comparison Of Experimental Equilibrium Constant and Theoretimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol through different routes: A thermodynamic and comparative analysis

Shukla

Srivastava

2017

Can J Chem Eng

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In this study, thermodynamic analysis of various possible synthesis routes of diethyl carbonates (DEC), a benign organic carbonate, was carried out and a comparative analysis was performed. Chemical equilibrium constants at standard conditions were calculated using Gibbs free energy of the system. The Benson group contribution method was used to estimate standard heat of formation and standard entropy change of some raw materials/components like dimethyl carbonate. Variation of heat capacity (C p ) with temperature was estimated for different components from the Rozicka-Domalski model. Variation of chemical equilibrium constants with temperature and pressure was studied for various routes. Synthesis of DEC from ethylene carbonate (EC) was also found to be better considering equilibrium constants at room temperature. The CO 2 route was found to be the most unfavourable route for DEC synthesis due to stability of CO 2 molecules. Moreover, DEC synthesis through the urea route was found to be best at high temperatures since the equilibrium constants were found to increase exponentially. Experiments were conducted for DEC synthesis using the EC route at two temperatures. Activity coefficients were calculated using the UNIFAC model. Experimentally and theoretically determined chemical equilibrium constant values were found to be similar. PRO/II was also used to minimize Gibbs free energy of the system and estimate the equilibrium constants and the results were comparable with those obtained by the equilibrium constant method and the trend was found to be the same for both the methods.

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Section: Effect Of Temperature On Equilibrium Constants and Equilibrisupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Effect Of Pressure On Chemical Equilibriummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Experimental Equilibrium Constant and Theoretimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol through different routes: A thermodynamic and comparative analysis

Shukla

Srivastava

2017

Can J Chem Eng

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“…This result may be ascribed to stronger inductive effect on the carbonyl of urea with higher polarity of the longer chain alcohol. In fact, it is reported that the process for the alcoholysis of urea with alcohols may be in line with a nucleophilic substitution mechanism [24,28]. It is well known that stronger polarity solutions are more favorable to nucleophilic substitution reactions [29,30].…”

Section: The Influence Of the Alcohol Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is interesting that the main byproducts mixture (1, 3-5) mentioned above can also be directly employed as the raw materials in the synthesis of the desired product 2 by Reactions (5), (6), (8) and (9) [15,16,19,20,26,28].…”

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confidence: 99%

One-Pot Synthesis of Dialkyl Hexane-1,6-Dicarbamate from 1,6-Hexanediamine, Urea, and Alcohol over Zinc-Incorporated Berlinite (ZnAlPO4) Catalyst

et al. 2016

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Dialkyl hexane-1,6-dicarbamate was synthesized, for the first time, by a one-pot reaction of 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA), urea, and alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, in a self-designed batch reactor, using zinc-incorporated berlinite (ZnAlPO 4 ) as a catalyst. The yield of dibutyl hexane-1,6-dicarbamate (2) was systematically investigated as a function of Zn/Al molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst usage and urea/HDA/butanol molar ratio. Based on these studies, the optimized reaction conditions were as follows: molar ratio urea/HDA/ butanol = 2.6:1:8.6, catalyst usage = 3.0 g, reaction temperature = 493 K, reaction time = 6 h and reaction pressure = 1.2 MPa; a yield of 2 of 89.7% was achieved over the ZnAlPO 4 (molar ratio Zn/Al = 0.04) catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, based on these experimental results, it was also proposed that the catalysis recycle of the one-pot synthesis of 2 from urea, HDA, and butanol over the ZnAlPO 4 catalyst.

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Synthesis of Linear and Cyclic Carbonates

Ballivet‐Tkatchenko

Dibenedetto

2010

Carbon Dioxide as Chemical Feedstock

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Synthesis of diethyl carbonate by catalytic alcoholysis of urea

Cited by 98 publications

References 12 publications

Synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol through different routes: A thermodynamic and comparative analysis

Synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol through different routes: A thermodynamic and comparative analysis

One-Pot Synthesis of Dialkyl Hexane-1,6-Dicarbamate from 1,6-Hexanediamine, Urea, and Alcohol over Zinc-Incorporated Berlinite (ZnAlPO4) Catalyst

Synthesis of Linear and Cyclic Carbonates

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