Synthesis of diethyl carbonate from CO2 and orthoester promoted by a CeO2 catalyst and ethanol

Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and CO2 Using CaO as a Dehydrating Agent

“…We screened various regenerable dehydrating agents under reaction conditions similar to those previously reported for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate using CaC 2 , a sacrificial dehydrating agent. [5] Here, glycerol (0.5 mmol) was reacted with CO 2 (3 MPa) in the presence of Zn(OTf) 2 (5 mol %) and phen (15 mol %) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, 3 mL). 10 equiv.…”

“…Although many studies have reported the synthesis of various cyclic and acyclic carbonates using the corresponding alcohols and CO 2 , [4,5] there have been considerably fewer reports on the synthesis of glycerol carbonate in moderate to high yields (> 60 %). [6] This is probably because one hydroxyl group of glycerol needs to be retained in the product.…”

Recent advancements in CeO2-enabled liquid acid/base catalysis

“…It was demonstrated that the activity of CeO 2 was determined by the specific surface area and the surface basic sites. 132 In addition, CeO 2 has also shown satisfactory catalytic performance in the transesterification of esters with alcohols, which is usually catalyzed by homogeneous Lewis acid/base catalysts. With the existence of both surface acidic and basic sites, CeO 2 is used as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for solvent-free ester transesterification.…”

“…It was demonstrated that the activity of CeO 2 was determined by the specific surface area and the surface basic sites. 132…”

Mechanistic insights into CeO2-catalyzed direct synthesis of diethyl carbonate from CO2 and ethanol assisted by zeolite and 2,2-diethoxypropane

“…To this end, several compounds such as acetonitrile, 34 benzonitrile, 35 2-cyanopyridine (2-CP), 36 2-furonitrile, 37 triethyl orthoesters, 38 and 2,2-dialkoxypropane 6,36,39 have been found to work as effective dehydrating agents for carbonate synthesis over a CeO 2 catalyst. These compounds consume the co-produced water via their chemical reaction, viz., hydration of nitriles to amides, hydrolysis of orthoesters to esters and alcohols, and hydrolysis of ketals to ketones and alcohols.…”