Synthesis of Different Classes of Polyheterocyclic Cyanine Dyes: a Review

Abstract

In this review paper some synthesis of different classes of polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes have been reviewed. In this paper review detailed synthesis steps for the synthesis of some polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes were represented via equations. This is covers the synthesis of polyheterocyclic monomethine cyanine dyes (simple cyanine dyes), dimethine cyanine dyes, trimethine cyanine dyes (carbocyanine dyes), pentamethine cyanine dyes (dicarbocyanine dyes), styryl cyanine dyes (hemicyanine dyes), aza-styryl cyanine dyes (aza-hemicyanine dyes) and apocyanine dyes. Besides, in the introduction section of this review paper some light is focused on some important uses, applications, characterizations and properties of cyanine dyes. This review paper is very readable, informative, and useful for synthetic dye chemists, researchers and students who look for the different methods in the synthesis and preparation of various classes of polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes. In addition, this paper review can be used and/or will be most valuable as a thesis and/or as a note book for student lectures, particularly for the post graduate students and researchers in the field of heterocyclic and/or cyanine dyes chemistry. This special and/or specific type of collective review in the synthesis of different classes of only polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes has been paid no attention and is absence in the chemistry literature.